Human Chorionic Gonadotropin: Description and Mechanisms of Action.

HCG Description and Mechanisms of Action HCG Nature: molecular structure, physiology and mechanism of action. hCG and Hypothalamus. hCG and mood. hCG and adipose tissue metabolism. hCG and extragonadal actions. Oral approach characteristics. Double-blind study: considerations.

HCG nature: molecular structure, physiology and mechanisms of action.

HCG Nature hCG is a glycoproteic substance , normally secreted by trophoblastic cells of the placenta. Consists of two dissimilar, separately but coordinately translated chains called the Alpha (α) and Beta (β) subunits. Amino acid sequences of the Beta (β) subunits differ because of the unique immunological and biological activities of each glycoproteic hormone.

HCG Nature The three pituitary hormones LH (Luteinizing Hormone) are closely related to hCG. All four are glycosylated and have a dimeric structure comprising an Alpha and Beta chain. The amino acid sequences of the Alpha chain of all four human glycoproteic hormones are nearly identical.

hCG is NO HORMONE A hormone (from Greek ὁρμή - "impetus") is a chemical released by a cell or a gland in one part of the body that sends out messages that affect cells in other parts of the organism.

Human CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN?

HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN?

HCG Nature Biological/immunological properties of hCG Biological aspect: Stimulation of ovulation. Physiological activities in human tissues: liver, spleen, pancreas, thyroids, etc. Immunological aspect: Responsible for immunological reactions (immunostimulation, immunosuppression) Responsible for results in pregnancy tests.

HCG and Hypothalamus

HCG and Hypothalamus Once hCG is administered, it can also be traced in the hypothalamic region.

Hypothalamus Ventromedial and Lateral nucleus

The hypothalamus – Obesity Experimental field Surgical destruction of Ventromedial and Lateral Hypothalamic Nuclei causes hyperphagia, hyperinsulinemia and obesity in experimental animals.

MSG: Monosodium Glutamate

Hypothalamic-lesioned rat 400% wt increase Finicky Prefer good tasting food (palatable) Not willing to work for food Make great house guests

Obesity genesis, hCG and hypothalamus

HCG and Hypothalamus Obesity is a poorly understood disease whose origins may be traced into the hypothalamic region. Probably due to an imbalance of neuropeptides concentration in the hypothalamic area.

Hypothalamus, obesity and neuropeptides

Neuropeptides

HCG and Hypothalamus

hCG exogenous administration acumulates in the brain

HCG and Hypothalamus

HCG and Mood Administering hCG systemically in man results in appreciable amounts of hCG in the central nervous system and established that the drug would be present and available to signal neurogenesis. http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/116482.php

How fits hCG administration on our hypothesis of its actions on obesity?

hCG and adipose tissue metabolism hCG and mood hCG and adipose tissue metabolism

HCG and Mood: Patients feel in an excellent mood throughout the entire treatment period

hCG, sensation of wellbeing, and Beta endorphins

β-endorphin is a five amino acid sequence that heads the molecule. HCG and Mood β-endorphin is a five amino acid sequence that heads the molecule. Even though hCG does not contain the exact same sequence, the hCG’s epitopes react to the immunoreactive β-endorphin molecule. β-endorphin is present in high concentrations in the hypothalamus. Epitopes - hCGββ (green) - hCGα (blue) - hCG only dimer (red)

Commercial preparations of hCG contain β-endorphin These results suggest that placental extracts (especially chorionic gonadotropin preparation) may contain immunoreactive β-endorphin. Its administration resulted in a net improvement of mood and pain release. http://archinte.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/summary/141/2/269

hCG and Adipose Tissue Metabolism

Metabolismo del tejido graso capillary capillary NE FFA Glycerol Glycerol FFA triglyceride Ep Glu LIVER (insulin) nucleus

A working hypothesis hCG

A working hypothesis Hypothalamus Adipose tissue Neuropeptide?

hCG and Adipose Tissue Metabolism A working hypothesis hCG decreases lipogenesis in adipose tissue, via the hypothalamus A VLCD + hCG lipogenesis inhibition stimulates lipolysis and fat release from the adipocyte.

In humans