Transportation Part I: Mechanism of Transportation Injuries Renée Anthony, PhD, CIH, CSP

This presentation was created as part of the Building Capacity Project of the Great Plains Center for Agricultural Health, NIOSH grant U54 OH007548. The copyright holder authorizes unrestricted use of these materials for non-profit, educational purposes only. The information in this presentation was accurate at the time it was prepared, it is the users responsibility to ensure accuracy of all information at time of use. Diane Rohlman, PhD Diane-rohlman@uiowa.edu University of Iowa Fred Gerr, MD Fred-gerr@uiowa.edu University of Iowa

Transportation Objectives Upon completion of this lesson, students should be able to: Renee Anthony Understand risk factors associated with agricultural transportation Identify key elements to protect ag workers from transportation injuries Formulate discussion on how roll-overs occur Describe how to prevent roll-overs Marizen Ramirez Understand risk factors for farm equipment crashes Identify prevention strategies Kari Harland Formulate the contributing causes of ATV/UTV fatalities in Ag sector

Transportation Objectives Upon completion of this lesson, students should be able to: Renee Anthony Understand risk factors associated with agricultural transportation Identify key elements to protect ag workers from transportation injuries Formulate discussion on how roll-overs occur Describe how to prevent roll-overs Marizen Ramirez Understand risk factors for farm equipment crashes Identify prevention strategies Kari Harland Formulate the contributing causes of ATV/UTV fatalities in Ag sector

Transportation Safety Part I Why Transportation? We are now focusing in on this piece of the pie.

Why Transportation? Many injuries (fatal and otherwise) Key hazards: Motivation Why Transportation? Many injuries (fatal and otherwise) Key hazards: ̶ Roll-over ̶ Striking pedestrians ̶ Striking/ struck by other vehicles ̶ Striking other bodies (buildings, trees, power lines,…) ̶ Unguarded machinery ̶ Attached equipment (wagons, manure spreaders…) ̶ Unstable/falling loads

Regulations + Consensus Recommendations OSHA regulations and Consensus recommendations for Safe Operating Procedures ̶ Regulations may or may not be pertinent ̶ It is well known that regulations do NOT protect workers ̶ But, they provide basic safety requirements Consensus recommendations are based on ̶ Vast database of injury cases ̶ Known risks and ways to prevent bad outcomes You need to know both to protect worker health and safety

Farm Field Equipment OSHA Specifics – 29 CFR 1928.51-53 ROPS = Roll-Over Protective Structures 20-HP or more engine Seatbelts – functional, fastened to movable portion of seat if suspended seats are used Load requirements Resistance to acids, mildew, aging,… Protection from batteries and sharp surfaces Performance requirements are set in 1925.1001/2 (construction industry) Protective frame specified in 1928.52 Protective enclosures specified in 1928.53 ̶ ̶ ̶

OSHA Specifics – 1928.51-53 ROPS = Roll-Over Protective Structures Farm Field Equipment OSHA Specifics – 1928.51-53 ROPS = Roll-Over Protective Structures Cab or frame to provide a safe environment in the event of an overturn “Anti-roll bars” Note you must wear the seatbelt This confines driver to the protected area of the tractor in the event of an overturn Required: Tractors manufactured after 1976 (For non family farms!) ASAE– Encouraged tractor manufacturers to install ROPS / belts on all ag tractors in US – 1986 – US tractors sold have ROPS/Belts – However, large number of family tractors are older – Anticipate rates to fall post 2020 ̶ ̶ ̶ http://blogs.cdc.gov/niosh-science-blog/2009/01/05/rops /

Why are some better than others? Farm Field Equipment ROPS types Not every ROP Structure is the same… Four Post Two Post Why are some better than others? FOPS: Falling Object Protection Systems Fold Down Enclosed Cab

OSHA Specifics Farm field equipment Rules - Tractors or implements (including self-propelled implements) or their combination used in ag operations - 1928.57 Rules (a) Operating farm field equipment (b) PTO Guarding

OSHA Specifics - 1928.57 Operating Rules (a)(6) Farm Field Equipment OSHA Specifics - 1928.57 Operating Rules (a)(6) - Initial and annual training of safe operating practices - Keep all guards in place when machine is in operation Permit no riders - Stop engine, disconnect power, wait for machine motion to stop… - Everyone is clear of machines prior to starting -machine - Lock out electrical power before performing maintenance

OSHA Specifics - 1928.57 Guarding Rules Farm Field Equipment OSHA Specifics - 1928.57 Guarding Rules - (a)(7) – Protect employees from coming into contact with moving machinery Through installation and use of guard/shield Alternatively by guardrail / fence - (a)(8) – Strength and design of guards Designed and located to prevent contact with hazard being guarded Capable of withstanding 250# individual Free from burrs, sharp edges, and sharp corners, Securely fastened to equipment / building

Stability Operating Tractors Since “workers” need to know about stability issues… Let’s take a few minutes and discuss this here There is a short reading that also explains this in words… Check also other web links. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=toS0Zh5eKGs&feature=related

Stability Triangle Stability Vehicle Center of Gravity (Unloaded) B A Center of Gravity of Vehicle and Maximum Load (Theoretical) 1. When the vehicle is loaded, the combined center of gravity (CG) shifts toward line B-C. Theoretically the maximum load will result in the CG at the line B-C. In actual practice, the combined CG should never be at line B-C. 2. The addition of additional counterweight will cause the truck CG to shift toward point A and result in a truck that is less stable laterally.

Stability Discussion Not like your car - With Load: Center of gravity moved forward Large round bale: 1500-2000 pounds Small tractors ~ 4500# Tractor’s center of gravity (empty) Combined center of gravity Load’s center of gravity What happens if the “Star” moves in front of the axle?

Combined center of gravity Stability Stability Discussion Not like your car - With same load, raised Center of gravity moved Forward and UP Combined center of gravity What does moving the Center of Gravity higher do? How does it feel when you turn? Combined center of gravity

Stability Triangle: On Slope (Side View) Load CG Load CG Vertical Stability Line (Line of Action) Combined CG Combined CG Vertical Stability Line (Line of Action) Truck CG Truck CG The vehicle is stable… Combined CG is within the wheel base. This vehicle is unstable and will continue to tip over… Combined CG is outside wheel base

Stability Discussion: No Incline There are calculations to look at truck and load ratings M = PD M = load moment in inch-pounds (N-m) P = weight of load in pounds (kg) D = distance from the fulcrum (centerline of the front axle) to the center of gravity on the load on the fork, inch (m)…distance “D” in the diagram A = Load Center D = Front Axle Center to Load Center C = Front Axle Center to Truck Load Center P = Load Weight W = Empty Truck Weight Approximate Allowable Load: P  (W C) / D Example: Truck rated at 3000-lb with 24-in load center with 12” from front axle to load (B): M = 3000- lb x (24+12) = 108,000 in-lb This is our truck’s capacity If new load is 42 (A) inches to center of gravity, we can carry only how much?108,000 in-lb = (weight ) x (42+12)… Solve for weight… We downrate the capacity to 2000 pounds: 2000 pounds is the max that we can carry at that size 12” 42”

Stability Discussion Stability http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/95-109/harvesting.html PSA for you - STAY in the Cab: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=blQNxel9zjI

Rollover: Main Causes Speed: going too fast Stability Rollover: Main Causes Speed: going too fast Driver overshooting then correcting Hitting curb/depression Sudden breaking/accelerating Recovery from partial jack knife Incompatibility of tractor and load Hitching loads to axle housing rather than draw bar Load shift - When carrying partial loads of liquids, the center of gravity moves DOWN and Outward during a turn - This is magnified with an oval tank Loss of control or impact with another object

Rollover: Human Factors Stability Rollover: Human Factors Driver fatigue Inexperience with loads (higher center of gravity) Drifting Failure to anticipate curves Accelerating or turning too fast Overcorrecting steering Speed adaptation: lose sensation of speed when you drive for long period of time

Rollover Safety Guidelines Stability Rollover Safety Guidelines To reduce rollover risk - Understand the risk - Increase width between wheels, if possible - Avoid steep slopes - Drive slowly and avoid quick uphill turns - Reduce speed, particularly when Turning, crossing slopes, on rough, slick or muddy surfaces - With front-end loader: drive with load as LOW as possible - Avoid sharp turns and reduce speed when turning - Avoid driving on steep embankments, near ditches, around holes

Rollover Safety Guidelines Stability Rollover Safety Guidelines Other recommendations - Always wear seatbelt - Watch where going at all times - Watch for pedestrians before moving - Engage clutch slowly and evenly - Apply break at very slow speed… before entering turn - Do not allow riders on tractor - Loads: Hitch as low as possible Use safety hitch pin to keep load attached Apply power slowly - Set the brake securely when stopped If no parking brake, set transmission to park - When parked, lower the load and remove key Do not assume all moving parts have stopped motion the second the key is removed

End of Transportation I Questions? Upon Completion of this lesson, students should be able to: Understand risk factors associated with agricultural transportation Identify key elements to protect ag workers from transportation injuries Formulate discussion on how roll-overs occur Describe how to prevent roll-overs