Coulomb’s Law PERIODIC TRENDS Nuclear Charge Electron Shielding Atomic Size 1st Ionization Energy Electronegativity Reactivity Coulomb’s Law Water sugar salt We are going to talk about bonding Bonding between atoms is CIM Why do 2h and OThere are several difference bond types in Chemistry. All are concerned with electrons. Intermolecular bonds occur between molecules (hydrogen bonding)

Coulomb’s Law Electrostatic Force Coulomb's inverse-square law, is a law of physics describing the electrostatic interaction between electrically charged particles. Electrostatic Force Opposites Attract Like Charges Repel Water sugar salt We are going to talk about bonding Bonding between atoms is CIM Why do 2h and OThere are several difference bond types in Chemistry. All are concerned with electrons. Intermolecular bonds occur between molecules (hydrogen bonding)

More Force Less Force Inverse Square Law Q1 Q2 Q1 Q2 Q = Charge r = distance K = constant The greater the charge the greater the force. The closer the charged particles are, the stronger the electrostatic force. Q1 Water sugar salt We are going to talk about bonding Bonding between atoms is CIM Why do 2h and OThere are several difference bond types in Chemistry. All are concerned with electrons. Intermolecular bonds occur between molecules (hydrogen bonding) Q2 Q1 Q2 More Force Less Force

Inverse Square Law e-1 p+1 e-1 p+1 e-1 p+1 r=1 r=2 r=3 Water sugar salt We are going to talk about bonding Bonding between atoms is CIM Why do 2h and OThere are several difference bond types in Chemistry. All are concerned with electrons. Intermolecular bonds occur between molecules (hydrogen bonding) r=2 e-1 p+1 r=3

Inverse Square Law e-1 p+1 e-1 p+1 e-1 p+1 r=1 r=2 r=3 If you double the charge you double the force. If you triple the charge you triple the force. If you double the distance you reduce the force by 4 times as much. If you triple the distance you reduce the force by 9x as much. r=1 e-1 p+1 Water sugar salt We are going to talk about bonding Bonding between atoms is CIM Why do 2h and OThere are several difference bond types in Chemistry. All are concerned with electrons. Intermolecular bonds occur between molecules (hydrogen bonding) r=2 e-1 p+1 r=3

Gravitational Force Electrostatic Force Field Strength Magnetic Force Inverse Square Law Electrostatic Force Gravitational Force Water sugar salt We are going to talk about bonding Bonding between atoms is CIM Why do 2h and OThere are several difference bond types in Chemistry. All are concerned with electrons. Intermolecular bonds occur between molecules (hydrogen bonding) Field Strength Magnetic Force Sound Intensity Light Intensity

Inverse Square Law Water sugar salt We are going to talk about bonding Bonding between atoms is CIM Why do 2h and OThere are several difference bond types in Chemistry. All are concerned with electrons. Intermolecular bonds occur between molecules (hydrogen bonding)

Assignment Opposite Charges ________________. Like charges ________________. If charge increases then force ____________. If distance increases then force _________. Explain the inverse square law and its importance. If the value of the charge on an object quadruples, what happens to the value of the electrostatic force? If two charges separated by 1 nanometer are moved twice as far apart, what happens to the value of the electrostatic force between them? If the distance between two charges is cut in half, what happens to the value of the force? If you double both the total charge of an object and the distance between those two objects, what happens to the value of the electrostatic force? Considering the actual charge of a proton is 1.602176565(35)×10−19 C and an electron is -1.602176565(35)×10−19 C what would be the electrostatic force between them at a distance of 1 nanometer (1.0 × 10-9 meters). Assume K = ke = 8.9875517873681764×109 N·m2/C2. Water sugar salt We are going to talk about bonding Bonding between atoms is CIM Why do 2h and OThere are several difference bond types in Chemistry. All are concerned with electrons. Intermolecular bonds occur between molecules (hydrogen bonding)

Nuclear Charge Nuclear Charge Increases Total electric charge in a nucleus. It is equal to the number of protons. The Nucleus is what attracts electrons. Nuclear Charge Increases Water sugar salt We are going to talk about bonding Bonding between atoms is CIM Why do 2h and OThere are several difference bond types in Chemistry. All are concerned with electrons. Intermolecular bonds occur between molecules (hydrogen bonding)

H Li Na 1 Hydrogen 3 Lithium 7 11 Sodium 23 Water sugar salt We are going to talk about bonding Bonding between atoms is CIM Why do 2h and OThere are several difference bond types in Chemistry. All are concerned with electrons. Intermolecular bonds occur between molecules (hydrogen bonding) 11 Na Sodium 23

H Li Na 1s1 1 Hydrogen 3 Lithium 7 11 Sodium 23 Water sugar salt We are going to talk about bonding Bonding between atoms is CIM Why do 2h and OThere are several difference bond types in Chemistry. All are concerned with electrons. Intermolecular bonds occur between molecules (hydrogen bonding) 11 Na Sodium 23

H Li Na 1s1 1s22s1 1 Hydrogen 3 Lithium 7 11 Sodium 23 Water sugar salt We are going to talk about bonding Bonding between atoms is CIM Why do 2h and OThere are several difference bond types in Chemistry. All are concerned with electrons. Intermolecular bonds occur between molecules (hydrogen bonding) 11 Na Sodium 23

H Li Na 1s1 1s22s1 1s22s22p63s1 1 Hydrogen 3 Lithium 7 11 Sodium 23 Water sugar salt We are going to talk about bonding Bonding between atoms is CIM Why do 2h and OThere are several difference bond types in Chemistry. All are concerned with electrons. Intermolecular bonds occur between molecules (hydrogen bonding) 11 Na Sodium 23 1s22s22p63s1

1 H Hydrogen 1s1 3 Li Lithium 7 Pattern? 1s22s1 As you go down a group or column in the periodic table the number of energy levels increases. Water sugar salt We are going to talk about bonding Bonding between atoms is CIM Why do 2h and OThere are several difference bond types in Chemistry. All are concerned with electrons. Intermolecular bonds occur between molecules (hydrogen bonding) 11 Na Sodium 23 1s22s22p63s1

1 H Hydrogen 1s1 3 Li Lithium 7 1s22s1 As you go down a group or column in the periodic table the number of energy levels increases. Water sugar salt We are going to talk about bonding Bonding between atoms is CIM Why do 2h and OThere are several difference bond types in Chemistry. All are concerned with electrons. Intermolecular bonds occur between molecules (hydrogen bonding) 11 Na Sodium 23 1s22s22p63s1

SPDF Blocks Water sugar salt We are going to talk about bonding Bonding between atoms is CIM Why do 2h and OThere are several difference bond types in Chemistry. All are concerned with electrons. Intermolecular bonds occur between molecules (hydrogen bonding)

H Li Na 1s1 1s22s1 1s22s22p63s1 ATOMIC SIZE? 1 Hydrogen 3 Lithium 7 11 Water sugar salt We are going to talk about bonding Bonding between atoms is CIM Why do 2h and OThere are several difference bond types in Chemistry. All are concerned with electrons. Intermolecular bonds occur between molecules (hydrogen bonding) 11 Na Sodium 23 1s22s22p63s1

TRENDS Nuclear Charge Increases Nuclear Charge Increases Atomic Size Increase Nuclear Charge Increases Water sugar salt We are going to talk about bonding Bonding between atoms is CIM Why do 2h and OThere are several difference bond types in Chemistry. All are concerned with electrons. Intermolecular bonds occur between molecules (hydrogen bonding)

Atomic Size Water sugar salt We are going to talk about bonding Bonding between atoms is CIM Why do 2h and OThere are several difference bond types in Chemistry. All are concerned with electrons. Intermolecular bonds occur between molecules (hydrogen bonding)

Li Be B 3 Lithium 7 4 Beryllium 23 5 Boron 1 Water sugar salt We are going to talk about bonding Bonding between atoms is CIM Why do 2h and OThere are several difference bond types in Chemistry. All are concerned with electrons. Intermolecular bonds occur between molecules (hydrogen bonding) 3 Li Lithium 7 4 Be Beryllium 23 5 B Boron 1

Li Be B 3 Lithium 7 4 Beryllium 23 5 Boron 1 Water sugar salt We are going to talk about bonding Bonding between atoms is CIM Why do 2h and OThere are several difference bond types in Chemistry. All are concerned with electrons. Intermolecular bonds occur between molecules (hydrogen bonding) 3 Li Lithium 7 4 Be Beryllium 23 5 B Boron 1

Li Be B 3 Lithium 7 4 Beryllium 23 5 Boron 1 Water sugar salt We are going to talk about bonding Bonding between atoms is CIM Why do 2h and OThere are several difference bond types in Chemistry. All are concerned with electrons. Intermolecular bonds occur between molecules (hydrogen bonding) 3 Li Lithium 7 4 Be Beryllium 23 5 B Boron 1

Li Be B 3 Lithium 7 4 Beryllium 23 5 Boron 1 Water sugar salt We are going to talk about bonding Bonding between atoms is CIM Why do 2h and OThere are several difference bond types in Chemistry. All are concerned with electrons. Intermolecular bonds occur between molecules (hydrogen bonding) 3 Li Lithium 7 4 Be Beryllium 23 5 B Boron 1

Pattern? As you go across a period the number of energy levels remains constant. Water sugar salt We are going to talk about bonding Bonding between atoms is CIM Why do 2h and OThere are several difference bond types in Chemistry. All are concerned with electrons. Intermolecular bonds occur between molecules (hydrogen bonding) 3 Li Lithium 7 4 Be Beryllium 9 5 B Boron 11

Atomic Size Water sugar salt We are going to talk about bonding Bonding between atoms is CIM Why do 2h and OThere are several difference bond types in Chemistry. All are concerned with electrons. Intermolecular bonds occur between molecules (hydrogen bonding)

TRENDS Atomic Size Decreases Electron Shielding Remains Constant Nuclear Charge Increases Water sugar salt We are going to talk about bonding Bonding between atoms is CIM Why do 2h and OThere are several difference bond types in Chemistry. All are concerned with electrons. Intermolecular bonds occur between molecules (hydrogen bonding) Atomic Size Increase Electron Shielding Increases Nuclear Charge Increases

Electron Shielding - +11 Electrons in an atom can shield each other from the pull of the nucleus. Water sugar salt We are going to talk about bonding Bonding between atoms is CIM Why do 2h and OThere are several difference bond types in Chemistry. All are concerned with electrons. Intermolecular bonds occur between molecules (hydrogen bonding)

As you go down a group electron shielding increases. Water sugar salt We are going to talk about bonding Bonding between atoms is CIM Why do 2h and OThere are several difference bond types in Chemistry. All are concerned with electrons. Intermolecular bonds occur between molecules (hydrogen bonding) As you go across a period electron shielding is constant.

TRENDS Atomic Size does what???? Electron Shielding Remains Constant Nuclear Charge Increases Water sugar salt We are going to talk about bonding Bonding between atoms is CIM Why do 2h and OThere are several difference bond types in Chemistry. All are concerned with electrons. Intermolecular bonds occur between molecules (hydrogen bonding) Atomic Size Increase Electron Shielding Increases Nuclear Charge Increases

Atomic Size As you go across a period atomic size decreases because the pull of the nucleus (nuclear charge) increases but electron shielding remains constant. The nucleus is able to pull the electrons closer (Coulomb’s law). Water sugar salt We are going to talk about bonding Bonding between atoms is CIM Why do 2h and OThere are several difference bond types in Chemistry. All are concerned with electrons. Intermolecular bonds occur between molecules (hydrogen bonding) 5 B Boron 11 3 Li Lithium 7 4 Be Beryllium 9

TRENDS Atomic Size Decreases Electron Shielding Remains Constant Nuclear Charge Increases Water sugar salt We are going to talk about bonding Bonding between atoms is CIM Why do 2h and OThere are several difference bond types in Chemistry. All are concerned with electrons. Intermolecular bonds occur between molecules (hydrogen bonding) Atomic Size Increase Electron Shielding Increases Nuclear Charge Increases

- 1st Ionization Energy +11 The energy required to remove the outermost electron from an atom. Water sugar salt We are going to talk about bonding Bonding between atoms is CIM Why do 2h and OThere are several difference bond types in Chemistry. All are concerned with electrons. Intermolecular bonds occur between molecules (hydrogen bonding)

As you go down a group 1st ionization energy decreases. Additional Electron shielding and increased distance from the nucleus makes removing the outermost electron much easier. Increasing nuclear charge without any additional shielding makes removing the outermost electron more difficult. Water sugar salt We are going to talk about bonding Bonding between atoms is CIM Why do 2h and OThere are several difference bond types in Chemistry. All are concerned with electrons. Intermolecular bonds occur between molecules (hydrogen bonding) As you go across a period 1st ionization energy increases.

Why does the high 1st ionization energy of the Noble gasses indicate? Water sugar salt We are going to talk about bonding Bonding between atoms is CIM Why do 2h and OThere are several difference bond types in Chemistry. All are concerned with electrons. Intermolecular bonds occur between molecules (hydrogen bonding)

Water sugar salt We are going to talk about bonding Bonding between atoms is CIM Why do 2h and OThere are several difference bond types in Chemistry. All are concerned with electrons. Intermolecular bonds occur between molecules (hydrogen bonding)

TRENDS 1st Ionization Energy Increases Atomic Size Decreases Electron Shielding Remains Constant Nuclear Charge Increases Water sugar salt We are going to talk about bonding Bonding between atoms is CIM Why do 2h and OThere are several difference bond types in Chemistry. All are concerned with electrons. Intermolecular bonds occur between molecules (hydrogen bonding) 1st Ionization Energy Decreases Atomic Size Increase Electron Shielding Increases Nuclear Charge Increases

Electronegativity - +11 A measure of an atom or group of atom’s tendency to attract electrons Water sugar salt We are going to talk about bonding Bonding between atoms is CIM Why do 2h and OThere are several difference bond types in Chemistry. All are concerned with electrons. Intermolecular bonds occur between molecules (hydrogen bonding)

As you go down a group Electronegativity decreases. Additional Electron shielding and increased distance from the nucleus makes adding a new electron more difficult Increasing nuclear charge (pull) without any additional shielding makes makes adding an electron easier. Water sugar salt We are going to talk about bonding Bonding between atoms is CIM Why do 2h and OThere are several difference bond types in Chemistry. All are concerned with electrons. Intermolecular bonds occur between molecules (hydrogen bonding) As you go across a period Electronegativity increases.

Fluorine is the most electronegative element. What about the Noble gasses? Water sugar salt We are going to talk about bonding Bonding between atoms is CIM Why do 2h and OThere are several difference bond types in Chemistry. All are concerned with electrons. Intermolecular bonds occur between molecules (hydrogen bonding)

TRENDS Electronegativity Increases 1st Ionization Energy Increases Atomic Size Decreases Electron Shielding Remains Constant Nuclear Charge Increases Water sugar salt We are going to talk about bonding Bonding between atoms is CIM Why do 2h and OThere are several difference bond types in Chemistry. All are concerned with electrons. Intermolecular bonds occur between molecules (hydrogen bonding) 1st Ionization Energy Decreases Electronegativity decrease Atomic Size Increase Electron Shielding Increases Nuclear Charge Increases

Reactivity For now we can think of an atom’s tendency to lose or gain electrons as its reactivity. Water sugar salt We are going to talk about bonding Bonding between atoms is CIM Why do 2h and OThere are several difference bond types in Chemistry. All are concerned with electrons. Intermolecular bonds occur between molecules (hydrogen bonding) So atoms that lose electrons very easily or have a strong affinity for electrons are considered the most reactive.

Nonmetals: Reactivity Increases Metals: Reactivity decreases Electronegativity Increases 1st Ionization Energy Increases Atomic Size Decreases Electron Shielding Remains Constant Nuclear Charge Increases Nonmetals: Reactivity decreases Water sugar salt We are going to talk about bonding Bonding between atoms is CIM Why do 2h and OThere are several difference bond types in Chemistry. All are concerned with electrons. Intermolecular bonds occur between molecules (hydrogen bonding) 1st Ionization Energy Decreases Metals: Reactivity Increase Electronegativity decreases Atomic Size Increase Electron Shielding Increases Nuclear Charge Increases

Assignment - +11 1st Ionization energy is the amount of energy needed to remove the outermost electron in an atom. 2nd Ionization Energy level is the energy required to remove the next electron. QUESTION: Will sodium have a higher or lower 2nd Ionization energy compared to its first Ionization energy? Explain this in terms of the inverse square law, Coulomb’s law and electron shielding. Water sugar salt We are going to talk about bonding Bonding between atoms is CIM Why do 2h and OThere are several difference bond types in Chemistry. All are concerned with electrons. Intermolecular bonds occur between molecules (hydrogen bonding)