DO NOT POST TO INTERNET Figure 5-1 Page 87

© 2004 Brooks/Cole – Thomson Learning Formation of the earth’s early crust and atmosphere Small organic molecules form in the seas Large (biopolymers) First protocells Single-cell prokaryotes eukaryotes Variety of multicellular organisms form, first in the seas and later on land Chemical Evolution (1 billion years) Biological Evolution (3.7 billion years) © 2004 Brooks/Cole – Thomson Learning Figure 5-2 Page 88

Stanley Miller's experiment animation. Click to view animation. Animation

Figure 5-3 Page 89 Modern humans (Homo sapiens) appear about 2 seconds before midnight Recorded human history begins 1/4 second before midnight Age of mammals Age of reptiles midnight Insects and amphibians invade the land Origin of life (3.6–3.8 billion years ago) First fossil record of animals Plants begin invading land noon Figure 5-3 Page 89 Evolution and expansion of life

Click to view animation. Example of directional selection animation. Click to view animation. Animation

Stabilizing selection animation. Click to view animation. Animation

Disruptive selection animation. Click to view animation. Animation

Niche separation Number of individuals Generalist species with a broad niche Specialist species with a narrow niche Niche breadth Region of niche overlap Resource use Figure 5-4 Page 91

Figure 5-5 Page 92-93 Herring gull is a tireless scavenger Brown pelican dives for fish, which it locates from the air Black skimmer seizes small fish at water surface Dowitcher probes deeply into mud in search of snails, marine worms, and small crustaceans Ruddy turnstone searches under shells and pebbles for small invertebrates Scaup and other diving ducks feed on mollusks, crustaceans, and aquatic vegetation Avocet sweeps bill through mud and surface water in search of small crustaceans, insects, and seeds Flamingo feeds on minute organisms in mud Oystercatcher feeds on clams, mussels, and other shellfish into which it pries its narrow beak Knot (a sandpiper) picks up worms and small crustaceans left by receding tide Louisiana heron wades into water to seize small fish Piping plover feeds on insects and tiny crustaceans on sandy beaches Figure 5-5 Page 92-93

Insect and nectar eaters Fruit and seed eaters Insect and nectar eaters Greater Koa-finch Kuai Akialoa Amakihi Kona Grosbeak Crested Honeycreeper Akiapolaau Maui Parrotbill Apapane Figure 5-6 Page 93 Unknown finch ancestor

Arctic Fox Spreads northward and southward Early fox separates Northern population Spreads northward and southward separates Adapted to cold through heavier fur, short ears, short legs, short nose. White fur matches snow for camouflage. Different environmental conditions lead to different selective pressures and evolution into two different species. Early fox population Southern population Gray Fox Adapted to heat through lightweight fur and long ears, legs, and nose, which give off more heat. Figure 5-7 Page 94

PANGAEA LAURASIA GONDWANALAND 135 million years ago 120° 80° 40° 80° 120° 120° 80° 80° 120° GONDWANALAND 135 million years ago 225 million years ago EURASIA NORTH AMERICA AFRICA 120° 80° INDIA 120° 120° 0° 40° 120° AMERICA SOUTH MADA- GASCAR AUSTRALIA ANTARCTICA 65 million years ago Present Figure 5-8 Page 95

Terrestrial organisms 1600 Silurian Permian Triassic Jurassic Cambrian Ordovician Devonian Cretaceous Pre-cambrain 1200 Carboniferous Marine organisms Number of families 800 Tertiary Quaternary 400 3500 545 500 440 410 355 290 250 205 145 65 1.8 Millions of years ago Figure 5-9 Page 96

Crop Desired trait (color) Crossbreeding Pear Apple Offspring Best results New offspring Figure 5-10 Page 97 Desired result

Phase 1 Make Modified Gene cell gene DNA plasmid DNA Genetically Identify and extract gene with desired trait gene DNA Identify and remove portion of DNA with desired trait plasmid Remove plasmid from DNA of E. coli E. coli DNA Insert extracted DNA (step 2) into plasmid (step3) Genetically modified plasmid plasmid Insert modified plasmid into E. coli Figure 5-11a Page 98 Grow in tissue culture to make copies

Phase 2 Make Transgenic Cell Transfer plasmid copies to a carrier agrobacterium A. tumefaciens (agrobacterium) Agrobacterium inserts foreign DNA into plant cell to yield transgenic cell Plant cell Nucleus Host DNA Foreign DNA Transfer plasmid to surface microscopic metal particle Use gene gun to inject DNA into plant cell Figure 5-11b Page 98

Grow Genetically Engineered Plant Phase 3 Grow Genetically Engineered Plant Transgenic cell from Phase 2 Cell division of transgenic cells Culture cells to form plantlets Transfer to soil Transgenic plants with new traits Figure 5-11c Page 98

Evolutionary tree of life animation. Click to view animation. Animation

Evolutionary tree diagrams interaction. Click to view animation. Animation