Confidence in Sport A2 PE

Kevin Garnett Coping with confidence

Self-Efficacy (Bandura) Self-Efficacy Theory outlines the effect of confidence in behaviour Self-Efficacy is a specific type of self-confidence and relates to a person’s perception of their standard of ability in particular activities and situations Self Efficacy tends to be unstable and is therefore changeable

Task 1 List 6 different sports in which you have participated Rank order them (1 as the highest) according to your personal level of self-efficacy Give reasons why you have a higher slef-efficacy in the first two, compared to the last two.

Expectations of Efficacy Choice of Activity – high levels will ensure the athlete participates Amount of effort applied – high levels will ensure the athlete is highly motivated and applies themselves fully Level of Persistence – high levels will ensure the athlete works hard and maintains their effort and commitment

Self Efficacy comes from 4 Sources

Past Experiences/Performance Accomplishments Success increases self-efficacy Failure reduces self-efficacy Past success is the most powerful influence on self-efficacy Once self-efficacy is established, performers are better able to tolerate future failure.

Vicarious Experiences Watching others successfully perform (modeling) By watching others be successful, an individual can approach their own efforts with more confidence

Verbal Persuation A performer who receives encouragement about their abilities, especially from significant others, will be more confident about their actions

Emotional Arousal The way performers interpret their arousal will affect their feeling of confidence Somatic responses such as heart rate, breathing rate, sweating should be viewed positively as readiness to perform. Research suggests positive perceptions of arousal leads to higher confidence

Examples Muhammad Ali/Michael Jordan

Task 2 Use a sporting example to explain how self-efficacy can vary according to changes in the 4 sources in Bandura’s model.

Developing Self-Efficacy Provide opportunities for players to experience success, particularly novices Offer verbal encouragement and positive feedback Use Goal Setting to help players experience success Help players to make internal attributions for success Get players to observe demonstrations by competent others of similar ability

Developing Self-Efficacy Use imagery/mental rehearsal to visualise success Use Positive Self-talk to think confidently Help players interpret arousal levels in a positive way

Sports Confidence Theory (Vealey)

Sports Confidence Theory (Vealey) Objective Sports Situation: the type of skill that is to be performed. This could include the situation in which the skill is to be performed Competitive Orientation: the extent to which an individual is prepared to compete and whether an individual strives to achieve a performance or product goal

Sports Confidence Theory (Vealey) Trait Sports Confidence (SC Trait) Innate, stable, general belief on an individual about their ability to complete a sporting activity (Global) State Sport Confidence (SC State) Developed through learning, unstable and changeable. Confidence of a specific situation or skill to be performed

SC State is determined by Trait Sports Confidence The Objective Sports Situation (type of skill and situation) The Performer’s Competitive Orientation (the extent to which a performer is prepared to compete or whether the performer strives to achieve a certain goal)

Sports Confidence Theory (Vealey)

Subjective Outcome The extent to which the athlete percieves the performance has been successful A positive outcome will increase SC-Trait and SC-State A negative outcome will decrease SC-Trait and SC-State

Effect of variation in levels of SC Trait and Competitiveness Orientation Decrease in SC Trait Increase in SC Trait Depress SC State Elevate SC State Reduce Self-Efficacy Increase Self-Efficacy Make the performer feel more confident Make the performer feel less confident Cause avoidance behaviour Facilitate approach behaviour

Strategies to improve SC State Mastery of Skill Styling – performing skills to significant others Physical and Mental preparation Social Reinforcement – praise and approval by significant others (team) Effective Leadership Environmental Comfort