N100 Building a Simple Web Page Text N100 Building a Simple Web Page XHTML

Text-Formatting Elements Formatting elements provide specific instructions about how their contents should be displayed For instance, the <b> element instructs user agents to display its contents as boldface text Phrase elements, however, primarily identify or describe their contents For instance, the <em> element is an emphasized piece of data, similar to a quotation XHTML

Text-Formatting Elements XHTML

The <pre> Element The <pre> element (short for preformatted text) tells a Web browser that any text and line breaks contained between the opening and closing tag are to be rendered exactly as they appear The <pre> element is still typically used to contain computer output or programming code that needs to be rendered in a monospace font and that needs to retain its original line breaks, spaces, and white space XHTML

Using Inline CSS on text You can use CSS to change the background color, the text color, and the size of the text. <p style = " background: blue; color: white; font-size:10pt;"> This is your paragraph. </p> XHTML

The <blockquote> Element The <blockquote> element is a block-level element that defines long quotations on Web pages The <blockquote> element includes an optional cite attribute to which you can assign a URL that cites the quotation, provided you found it on the Web The only purpose of the cite attribute is to identify the location of a URL that is the original source of a quotation; the value assigned to it is not rendered by a browser or visible in a ToolTip XHTML

Special Characters You will often find it necessary to add special characters to your XHTML documents, such as a copyright symbol (©) or a foreign character such as the Latin capital letter E with a circumflex (Ê) You add special characters to an XHTML document using numeric character references or character entity references XHTML

Numeric Character References A numeric character reference inserts a special character using its numeric position in the Unicode character set Unicode is a standardized set of characters from many of the world’s languages XHTML

Numeric Character References A number represents each character in the Unicode character set To display a character using a numeric character reference, place an ampersand (&) and the number sign (#) before the character’s Unicode number and a semicolon after the Unicode number XHTML

Numeric Character References Numeric character references and character references are both defined using an ampersand For this reason, a Web browser may be confused if it encounters an ampersand within the text of a Web page Therefore, you should use a numeric character reference of & in place of any ampersands in your document XHTML

Character Entities A character entity reference, or character entity, uses a descriptive name for a special character instead of its Unicode number For instance, the descriptive name for the copyright symbol is copy You can display the copyright symbol on a Web page using a character entity of © XHTML

Character Entities Most Web browsers ignore multiple, contiguous spaces on a Web page and replace them with a single space To force Web browsers to render multiple spaces, you must add a non-breaking space using the   character entity. Be careful with this character. It is wiser to use the number character reference, &#160, to get the multiple spacing. XHTML

Commonly Used Special Characters XHTML

Misc. Characters &#38 & ampersand &#37 % percentage sign &#35 # number sign &#42 * asterick &#61 = equal sign &#43 + plus sign &#47 / forward slash &#45 - hyphen or minus sign &#169 copyright symbol &#58 : colon &#60 < less than &#62 > greater than &#59 ; semicolon &#46 . period &#92 \ backslash &#8594 right arrow &#034 “ quotation mark XHTML