Research Methods in Psychology Norton Media Library Research Methods in Psychology 1st Edition by Beth Morling

Three Claims, Four Validities Norton Media Library Chapter 3 Three Claims, Four Validities Beth Morling

Research Methods in Psychology Copyright © 2012 W.W. Norton & Company

Figure 3. 1 Operationalizing “depression Figure 3.1 Operationalizing “depression.” A single conceptual variable can be operationalized in a number of ways. Research Methods in Psychology Copyright © 2012 W.W. Norton & Company

Research Methods in Psychology Copyright © 2012 W.W. Norton & Company

Figure 3.2 A positive relationship: “Belly fat linked to dementia, study shows.” (Data are fabricated for the purpose of illustration.) Research Methods in Psychology Copyright © 2012 W.W. Norton & Company

Figure 3.3 A negative (inverse) relationship: “heavy cell phone use tied to poor sperm quality.” (Data are fabricated for the purpose of illustration.) Research Methods in Psychology Copyright © 2012 W.W. Norton & Company

Figure 3.4 A zero relationship: “aDhD drugs not linked to future drug abuse.” (Data are fabricated for the purpose of illustration.) Research Methods in Psychology Copyright © 2012 W.W. Norton & Company

Figure 3.5 A curvilinear relationship between age and use of health services. High and low values on age are associated with high use of health services. A medium value on age is associated with lower use of health services. A medium value on age is associated with lower use of health services. (Data are fabricated for the purpose of illustration.) Research Methods in Psychology Copyright © 2012 W.W. Norton & Company

Figure 3.6 (a) If we used only the average 2-year-old height to predict Hugo, we would be off by 3 cm; (b) If we know that Hugo’s adult height is in the 25th percentile (172 cm), the best estimation of his height at 2 years is that it was also in the 25th percentile (54 cm). If we used the correlation between 2-year-old and 18-year-old height to predict Hugo, we would be off by only 1cm. Source: Centers for Disease Control (2000). Corrected figure Research Methods in Psychology Copyright © 2012 W.W. Norton & Company

Figure 3. 7 Houston rockets bas-ketball player Yao Ming Figure 3.7 Houston rockets bas-ketball player Yao Ming. Yao Ming, at 7 feet, 5 inches (2.26 meters) tall, is at the 99th percentile for height among young men. How tall would you predict he was as a 2-year-old? Research Methods in Psychology Copyright © 2012 W.W. Norton & Company

Research Methods in Psychology Copyright © 2012 W.W. Norton & Company

Research Methods in Psychology Copyright © 2012 W.W. Norton & Company

Research Methods in Psychology Copyright © 2012 W.W. Norton & Company

Figure 3.8 Schellenberg’s (2004) study of music lessons, including the original caption IQ. What key features of Schel-lenberg’s study made it possible for him to claim that music lessons increase children’s IQ? Research Methods in Psychology Copyright © 2012 W.W. Norton & Company

Figure 3. 9 Debt stress and health problems Figure 3.9 Debt stress and health problems. When debt stress is associated with health problems, is it clear that the debt stress caused the health problems? Could the health problems lead to debt stress? Could some other variable cause both of these problems? Research Methods in Psychology Copyright © 2012 W.W. Norton & Company

Figure 3. 10 Construct validity in Ybarra and colleagues’ (2008) study Figure 3.10 Construct validity in Ybarra and colleagues’ (2008) study. In this study, social isolation was operationalized as watching television versus participating in a discussion group. What other ways could psychologists have studied the effects of social isolation? Research Methods in Psychology Copyright © 2012 W.W. Norton & Company

Research Methods in Psychology Copyright © 2012 W.W. Norton & Company

19 Research Methods in Psychology Copyright © 2012 W.W. Norton & Company 19

20 Research Methods in Psychology Copyright © 2012 W.W. Norton & Company 20

21 Research Methods in Psychology Copyright © 2012 W.W. Norton & Company 21

22 Research Methods in Psychology Copyright © 2012 W.W. Norton & Company 22

23 Research Methods in Psychology Copyright © 2012 W.W. Norton & Company 23