Analysis of tropospheric ozone long-term lidar and surface measurements at the JPL-Table Mountain Facility site, California Maria J. Granados-Muñoz and.

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Presentation transcript:

Analysis of tropospheric ozone long-term lidar and surface measurements at the JPL-Table Mountain Facility site, California Maria J. Granados-Muñoz and Thierry Leblanc Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Table Mountain Facility Quadrennial Ozone Symposium 2016 6 September 2016

Experimental Site TMF located in Southern California, CA, in Los Angeles National Forest. Location: 34.4 ° N, 117.7° W Elevation: 2285 m a.s.l. Remote station with almost negligible urban influence

Instrumentation Tropospheric O3 DIAL system UV photometric O3 analyzer (Thermo Electronics) Tropospheric ozone lidar Continuously operating (2013) 1-min resolution Lower detectable limit: 1.0 ppb Operating since 1999 Vertical resol: 75-m before 2012, 7.5 m after Temporal resolution: 5-min - 2-h Meas. frequency: 3-5 times per week at nighttime, occasionally daytime Profiles in this study: 2-h, 150 m to 3 km Part of NDACC (www.ndsc.ncep.noaa.gov/) and TOLNET (www-air.larc.nasa.gov/missions/TOLNet/)

Results: in-situ surface measurements Maxima in spring/summer, minima in winter Maxima in late afternoon and minima at night TMF usually above the boundary layer, surface O3 behavior typical of high elevation remote-sites: small amplitude in the seasonal and diurnal cycles high O3 values compared to lower elevation stations affected by urban boundary layer Interplay of the altitude and distance to pollution sources Composite monthly mean surface ozone obtained from hourly samples and 8hMDA values and composite mean ozone daily cycle at TMF and nearby ARB stations for the period 2013-2015

Average seasonal profiles Results: dial measurements Average profile (2000-2015) Average seasonal profiles Continuity from surface up to ~9 km Summer Summer Maximum values in Spring/Summer Average ~55 ppbv Fall Fall Winter Spring Maximum values in Winter/Spring Large variability UTLS region Surface values

Results: long-term trends analysis 0.31ppbv/year -0.36ppbv/year -0.43ppbv/year 0.71 ppbv/year 0.58ppbv/year Overall positive trend of 0.31± 0.15 ppbv/year in upper troposphere (7-10 km) Larger positive trends in spring (0.71 ± 0.25 ppbv/year) and summer (0.58 ± 0.28 ppbv/year) and negative trend in winter (-0.43 ± 0.18 ppbv/year)

Results: tropospheric o3 sources 12-day back trajectories with HYSPLIT using NCEP Reanalysis data Cluster analysis at different altitudes reveals five “ozone source regions” : 1- Stratosphere (intercept of the trajectories altitude with the tropopause height) 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 Alt (km) Strat, Spring Tropopause height

Results: tropospheric o3 sources 12-day back trajectories with HYSPLIT using NCEP Reanalysis data Cluster analysis at different altitudes reveals five “ozone source regions” : 1- Stratosphere (intercept of the trajectories altitude with the tropopause height) 2- Central America 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 Alt (km) Cent Am, Summer Asia Central America

Results: tropospheric o3 sources 12-day back trajectories with HYSPLIT using NCEP Reanalysis data Cluster analysis at different altitudes reveals five “ozone source regions” : 1- Stratosphere (intercept of the trajectories altitude with the tropopause height) 2- Central America 3-Asian boundary layer (below 3 km) 4-Asian Free troposphere (above 3 km) 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 Alt (km) AFT, Spring Asia Central America

Results: tropospheric o3 sources 12-day back trajectories with HYSPLIT using NCEP Reanalysis data Cluster analysis at different altitudes reveals five “ozone source regions” : 1- Stratosphere (intercept of the trajectories altitude with the tropopause height) 2- Central America 3-Asian boundary layer (below 3 km) 4-Asian Free troposphere (above 3 km) 5- Pacific Ocean 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 Alt (km) Pac, Winter Asia Pacific Central America

Results: tropospheric o3 sources Frequency of the air masses arriving at each altitude from the source regions in number of trajectories (and %): Strat Cent Am ABL AFT Pac 13 km 905 (62%) 57 (4%) 5 (0%) 266 (18%) 139 (10%) 11 km 426 (29%) 76 (5%) 49 (3%) 523 (36%) 243 (17%) 9 km 167 (11%) 85 (6%) 101 (7%) 613 (42%) 296 (20%) 7 km 97 (7%) 107 (7%) 122 (8%) 540 (37%) 317 (22%) 5 km 72 (5%) 179 (12%) 472 (32%)

Results: tropospheric o3 sources Frequency of the air masses arriving at each altitude from the source regions in number of trajectories (and %): Strat Cent Am ABL AFT Pac 13 km 905 (62%) 57 (4%) 5 (0%) 266 (18%) 139 (10%) 11 km 426 (29%) 76 (5%) 49 (3%) 523 (36%) 243 (17%) 9 km 167 (11%) 85 (6%) 101 (7%) 613 (42%) 296 (20%) 7 km 97 (7%) 107 (7%) 122 (8%) 540 (37%) 317 (22%) 5 km 72 (5%) 179 (12%) 472 (32%) Pac 139 (10%) 243 (17%) 296 (20%) 317 (22%) 266 (18%) Influence from the Pacific Ocean (background region) in 10-22%

Distribution of Strat. air masses per month Results: tropospheric o3 sources Frequency of the air masses arriving at each altitude from the source regions in number of trajectories (and %): Strat Cent Am ABL AFT Pac 13 km 905 (62%) 57 (4%) 5 (0%) 266 (18%) 139 (10%) 11 km 426 (29%) 76 (5%) 49 (3%) 523 (36%) 243 (17%) 9 km 167 (11%) 85 (6%) 101 (7%) 613 (42%) 296 (20%) 7 km 97 (7%) 107 (7%) 122 (8%) 540 (37%) 317 (22%) 5 km 72 (5%) 179 (12%) 472 (32%) Strat 905 (62%) 426 (29%) 167 (11%) 97 (7%) 72 (5%) Distribution of Strat. air masses per month Increasing influence of the stratosphere with altitude Higher stratospheric influence in Spring-Winter

Results: tropospheric o3 sources Frequency of the air masses arriving at each altitude from the source regions in number of trajectories (and %): Strat Cent Am ABL AFT Pac 13 km 905 (62%) 57 (4%) 5 (0%) 266 (18%) 139 (10%) 11 km 426 (29%) 76 (5%) 49 (3%) 523 (36%) 243 (17%) 9 km 167 (11%) 85 (6%) 101 (7%) 613 (42%) 296 (20%) 7 km 97 (7%) 107 (7%) 122 (8%) 540 (37%) 317 (22%) 5 km 72 (5%) 179 (12%) 472 (32%) ABL AFT 5 (0%) 266 (18%) 49 (3%) 523 (36%) 101 (7%) 613 (42%) 122 (8%) 540 (37%) 107 (7%) 472 (32%) Predominant influence from Asia below 11km

Distribution of Asian air masses per month Results: tropospheric o3 sources Frequency of the air masses arriving at each altitude from the source regions in number of trajectories (and %): ABL AFT 5 (0%) 266 (18%) 49 (3%) 523 (36%) 101 (7%) 613 (42%) 122 (8%) 540 (37%) 107 (7%) 472 (32%) Distribution of Asian air masses per month Predominant influence from Asia below 11km Higher Asian influence in Spring below 10 km

Results: tropospheric o3 sources Frequency of the air masses arriving at each altitude from the source regions in number of trajectories (and %): Strat Cent Am ABL AFT Pac 13 km 905 (62%) 57 (4%) 5 (0%) 266 (18%) 139 (10%) 11 km 426 (29%) 76 (5%) 49 (3%) 523 (36%) 243 (17%) 9 km 167 (11%) 85 (6%) 101 (7%) 613 (42%) 296 (20%) 7 km 97 (7%) 107 (7%) 122 (8%) 540 (37%) 317 (22%) 5 km 72 (5%) 179 (12%) 472 (32%) Cent Am 57 (4%) 76 (5%) 85 (6%) 107 (7%) 179 (12%) Contribution of Central America between 12 and 3% (decreasing with altitude)

Distribution of Cent. Am. air masses per month Results: tropospheric o3 sources Frequency of the air masses arriving at each altitude from the source regions in number of trajectories (and %): Cent Am 57 (4%) 76 (5%) 85 (6%) 107 (7%) 179 (12%) Distribution of Cent. Am. air masses per month Contribution of Central America between 12 and 3% (decreasing with altitude) Air masses arriving from Central Amer. mostly on July-Aug. (associated to North American Monsoon circulation)

Results: tropospheric o3 sources Larger O3 values associated to stratospheric air masses Stratospheric influence down to 5 km in winter/spring Lowest O3 values for Pacific or “background region” O3 mixing ratio Composite O3 profiles of the median values obtained for different source regions and season. Data with a low number of cases has been filtered out. O3 enhanced values in summer observed for Central American air masses (related to lightning-induced local production during the North American monsoon) O3 transport from Asia observed, especially in spring and summer.

Results: tropospheric o3 sources Tropopause folds Tropopause folds are the main mechanism of stratosphere-troposphere exchange Above TMF, 27% of the analyzed lidar data affected by the presence of tropopause folds MERRA temperature profiles with 1 km vertical resolution above TMF are used to identify multiple tropopauses (Chen et al., 2011) Most occurrences in winter and spring

Results: tropospheric o3 sources Tropopause folds above TMF a) O3 profile on January 8, 2003 (tropopause fold) b) Winter and Spring O3 in the presence of a double tropopause (DT) and single tropopause (ST) c) Same as (b) focused on tropospheric part + 2 ppbv O3 dual vertical structure in the UTLS region: higher-than-averaged values in the bottom half of the fold (~12-14 km). lower-than-averaged values in the top half (~14-18 km). Impact on lower troposphere, with higher ozone values

Conclusions High ozone values and low interannual and diurnal variability at the surface, typical of high elevation remote sites with no influence of urban pollution. Statistically significant positive trend observed in the upper troposphere in 2000- 2015 (0.3 ppbv.year-1). 12-day back-trajectories analysis reveals five O3 source regions: stratosphere, Asia (Boundary Layer and Free Troposphere), Central America and the Pacific. Larger O3 values associated to the stratosphere (mainly in winter and spring) and minimum values from the Pacific. Increased O3 values due to Asian influence observed mostly in spring and summer. Central American influence in summer related to enhanced O3 due to lighting-associated production during the North American Monsoon. Tropopause folds (27% occurrence) associated to double structures in the UTLS region and +2 ppbv enhancement in the lower troposphere More details in Granados-Muñoz and Leblanc, ACP, 2016.

Thanks for your attention Acknowledgement: This work was performed under a Caltech Postdoctoral Fellowship sponsored by the NASA Tropospheric Chemistry Program. The JPL authors' copyright for this publication is held by the California Institute of Technology. Government sponsorship acknowledged.