Figure 1 An overview of the study design.

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Figure 1 An overview of the study design. From: Maternal BMI at the start of pregnancy and offspring epigenome-wide DNA methylation: findings from the pregnancy and childhood epigenetics (PACE) consortium Hum Mol Genet. 2017;26(20):4067-4085. doi:10.1093/hmg/ddx290 Hum Mol Genet | © The Author 2017. Published by Oxford University Press.This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Figure 2 A Manhattan plot for the meta-analysis of associations between maternal pre-pregnancy BMI and offspring DNA methylation at birth after adjustment for maternal covariates and estimated cell counts. The red line shows the Bonferroni threshold for multiple testing. Methylation sites that surpassed the Bonferroni-correction threshold (P < 1.06 × 10<sup>−7</sup>) before and after adjustment for estimated cell counts are highlighted in blue. From: Maternal BMI at the start of pregnancy and offspring epigenome-wide DNA methylation: findings from the pregnancy and childhood epigenetics (PACE) consortium Hum Mol Genet. 2017;26(20):4067-4085. doi:10.1093/hmg/ddx290 Hum Mol Genet | © The Author 2017. Published by Oxford University Press.This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Figure 3 Volcano plots to illustrate the large increase in P-values after adjusting for estimated cell counts. Methylation sites that reached the Bonferroni threshold for multiple testing (1.06 × 10<sup>−7</sup>) are highlighted in blue. From: Maternal BMI at the start of pregnancy and offspring epigenome-wide DNA methylation: findings from the pregnancy and childhood epigenetics (PACE) consortium Hum Mol Genet. 2017;26(20):4067-4085. doi:10.1093/hmg/ddx290 Hum Mol Genet | © The Author 2017. Published by Oxford University Press.This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Figure 4 Comparison of estimates of the effect of maternal BMI on offspring DNA methylation at birth and at adolescence. Of the 86 sites where maternal BMI at the start of pregnancy was associated with newborn blood methylation, 72 had the same direction of association in the analysis of adolescents. Plotted here are the 22/86 methylation sites with a P-value < 0.05 in the analysis of adolescents, ordered by effect size in newborns. From: Maternal BMI at the start of pregnancy and offspring epigenome-wide DNA methylation: findings from the pregnancy and childhood epigenetics (PACE) consortium Hum Mol Genet. 2017;26(20):4067-4085. doi:10.1093/hmg/ddx290 Hum Mol Genet | © The Author 2017. Published by Oxford University Press.This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Figure 5 Comparison of estimates of the effect of maternal and paternal BMI on newborn DNA methylation. Of the 86 sites where maternal BMI at the start of pregnancy was associated with newborn blood methylation, we found 20 sites (plotted here) where the estimated effect of maternal BMI, adjusted for paternal BMI, had a P-value < 0.05 and was in the same direction and greater than the estimated effect of paternal BMI, adjusted for maternal BMI. Sites are ordered by P-value in the full maternal BMI meta-analysis. From: Maternal BMI at the start of pregnancy and offspring epigenome-wide DNA methylation: findings from the pregnancy and childhood epigenetics (PACE) consortium Hum Mol Genet. 2017;26(20):4067-4085. doi:10.1093/hmg/ddx290 Hum Mol Genet | © The Author 2017. Published by Oxford University Press.This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.