Eruptions and Forms of Volcanoes

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Presentation transcript:

Eruptions and Forms of Volcanoes

Types of Eruptions Violent and explosive Quiet and flowing Depends on trapped gases and magma composition

vent vent A volcano is a vent or 'chimney' that connects molten rock (magma) from within the Earth’s crust to the Earth's surface. The volcano includes the surrounding cone of erupted material. Cone Magma Chamber

How and why do volcanoes erupt? Hot, molten rock (magma) is buoyant (has a lower density than the surrounding rocks) and will rise up through the crust to erupt on the surface. Same principle as hot air rising, e.g. how a hot air balloon works When magma reaches the surface it depends on how easily it flows (viscosity) and the amount of gas (H2O, CO2, S) it has in it as to how it erupts. Large amounts of gas and a high viscosity (sticky) magma will form an explosive eruption! Think about shaking a carbonated drink and then releasing the cap. Small amounts of gas and (or) low viscosity (runny) magma will form an effusive eruption Where the magma just trickles out of the volcano (lava flow).

Explosive Eruptions Three products from an explosive eruption Ash fall Fast moving gases up to 450 mph gas and rocks from explosion

Trapped Gases Water vapor and carbon dioxide are trapped in magma At low pressure, they escape quietly when they reach the surface At high pressure, they escape violently when they reach the surface

Magma Composition Two types: Basaltic –very fluid; produces quiet eruptions Granitic –high water vapor content, and very thick; produces very violent eruptions

Forms of Volcanoes Three forms: Shield Cinder Cone Composite

Shield Volcano Formed by quiet eruptions Basaltic lava builds up in flat layers Gently sloping sides Ex: Hawaiian Islands

Hawaiian Islands

Cinder Cone Volcano Caused by explosive eruptions Granitic lava thrown high into the air Lava cools into different sizes of volcanic material called tephra Steep-sided, loose slopes

Composite Volcano A mix of the other two types Quiet or violent Basaltic or granitic Steep or gentle slopes Layered or tephra

Final Notes Volcanoes are dangerous They are located all over the world Gas and ash can cause death Earthquakes can occur after a volcanic eruption

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