“Conflicts of Interest” Ingrid Nygaard, MD, MS Editor-in-Chief for Gynecology American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology University of Utah Ingrid Nygaard, AJOG, 2016.

Conflict of Interest Any interest that would make reader feel misled or deceived if not disclosed Authors, reviewers, editors, publishers, journal owners may all have COI Also called “dual interests”, “dual loyalties” Ingrid Nygaard, AJOG, 2016.

WAME (World Association of Medical Editors) "COI exists when there is a divergence between an individual’s private interests (competing interests) and his or her responsibilities to scientific and publishing activities such that a reasonable observer might wonder if the individual’s behavior or judgment was motivated by considerations of his or her competing interests.“ http://www.wame.org/about/conflict-of-interest-in-peer-reviewed-medical

ICMJE (International Committee of Medical Journal Editors) “The potential for conflict of interest can exist regardless of whether an individual believes that the relationship affects his or her scientific judgment.“ http://www.icmje.org/

Office of Research Integrity Interest: a commitment, goal, or value held by individual/ institution COI exists when 2 or more contradictory interests relate to an activity by an individual/institution. The conflict lies in the situation, not in any behavior or lack of behavior of the individual…a COI is not intrinsically a bad thing. Examples include a research project to be completed, gaining status through promotion or recognition, and protecting the environment. Interests are pursued in the setting of social interactions. Examples include a conflict between financial gain and meticulous completion and reporting of a research study or between responsibilities as an investigator and as a treating physician for the same trial participant. Institutional examples include the unbalancing of the institutional mission by acceding to the space requests of a large donor for an idiosyncratic program. Ingrid Nygaard, AJOG, 2016.

Commonly Cited Types of COI Personal Financial Academic Competitive Intellectual Institutional Ingrid Nygaard, AJOG, 2016.

Personal Family members Close friends Ingrid Nygaard, AJOG, 2016.

Financial Employment Share holdings Patents Research grants Ingrid Nygaard, AJOG, 2016.

Academic Inter-group rivalry Ingrid Nygaard, AJOG, 2016.

Competitive Researchers competing for funding Ingrid Nygaard, AJOG, 2016.

Intellectual Loyalties to a particular theory or school of thought Ingrid Nygaard, AJOG, 2016.

Institutional Institutional bias Revenue source Ingrid Nygaard, AJOG, 2016.

ICMJE Disclosure Form Resources received to complete the work Relevant financial activities outside the submitted work Intellectual property Relationships not covered above Ingrid Nygaard, AJOG, 2016.

“Relationships not covered above” WAS: Do you have any relevant nonfinancial associations or interests (personal, professional, political, institutional, religious, or other) that a reasonable reader would want to know about in relation to the submitted work? NOW: Are there other relationships or activities that readers could perceive to have influenced, or that give the appearance of potentially influencing, what you wrote in the submitted work? places the onus on the person completing the form to identify and report appropriate nonfinancial competing interests. Ingrid Nygaard, AJOG, 2016.

COI AJOG Disclosures must include any financial interest present within the past three years with commercial entities that are marketing or developing products (drugs, devices, diagnostic tools, etc.) related to the subject matter of the manuscript. Ingrid Nygaard, AJOG, 2016.

COI AJOG Disclosures include, but are not limited to: stocks or shares, equity, employment, advisory or scientific board, grant funding, speaker's bureau, paid travel, consulting status, and honoraria. Ingrid Nygaard, AJOG, 2016.

COI AJOG No policy could cover every contingency that might be construed as a conflict of interest. Therefore, it is expected that should any potential conflict of interest exist, the authors have revealed this to the editors. Ingrid Nygaard, AJOG, 2016.

The “New York Times Test” Would you want the relationship published in the New York Times? Ingrid Nygaard, AJOG, 2016.