Characteristics of the Transient Nucleate Boiling Process Prepared by Dr. N. I. KOBASKO, FASM IQ Technologies Inc, Akron, Ohio USA and Intensive Technologies Ltd, Kyiv, UKRAINE 2nd International Conference on Intelligent Control, Modelling and System Engineering January 29 – 31, 2014 Cambridge, MA, USA

Table of Content Introduction Duration of the transient nucleate boiling process and its characteristics Self–regulated thermal process Real and effective heat transfer coefficients (HTC’s) Practical use of discovered phenomena Conclusions

Duration of Transient Nucleate Boiling Process - Duration , s; - coefficient depending on initial temperature and condition of cooling - coefficient depending on configuration of steel part coefficient depending on liquid flow velocity D - size of steel part (m) ; a - thermal diffusivity (m2/s) Source: N.I.Kobasko, Transient Nucleate Boiling as a Law of Nature…, Proc. of the 7th IASMEWSEAS Int. Conf. on (THE’09), Moscow, 2009.

Coefficient Depending on Initial Temperature and Properties of Quenchants Water, 20oC 4.17 30-50% CaCl2 4.78 5 – 12% NaOH 3.6 6 – 8% Na2NO3 3.76

Coefficient for Bodies of Different Shapes Shape of a body Plate 0.1013 Cylinder 0.0432 Sphere 0.0253 Round plate D = nZ: n = 1 0.0303 n = 2 0.0639 n = 5 0.0926

Cooling Curves for Cylindrical Specimen of 28mm Diameter When Quenching in Water Flow of 1.5m/s at 20oC Results provided by Idemitsu Kosan Lab of Japan in 2011

Experimental cooling curves obtained by using DCT Ø2” probe when quenching in IQ water tank

Time Required for Surface of Steel Spheres to Cool to Different Temperatures from 875oC in 5% NaOH Water Solution (by French) Size, inch(m) Time, sec 700oC 600oC 500oC 400oC 300oC 250oC 200oC 150oC 4.75” (0.12) Av-ge 0.040 0.050 0.042 0.043 0.070 0.065 0.062 0.066 0.11 0.08 0.09 0.13 0.12 0.15 0.19 0.18 0.24 0.17 0.23 0.27 0.21 0.28 0.35 0.32 0.29 1.60 1.10 0.78 0.60 0.95 7.15” (0.18) 0.030 0.060 0.090 0.10 0.16 0.14 0.22 0.34 0.33 0.31 0.47 0.44 0.42 1.90 0.94 1.15 11.25” (0.286) 0.055 0.54 0.57 0.98 0.73 0.96 1.51 1.04 1.28 2.66 1.70 2.18

Delay of Martensite Transformation by Adjusting Pressure a) is CCT diagram; I – quenching under atmospheric pressure; II - pressure 0.4 MPa; III – pressure 0.7 MPa

A possibility of Use SRTP for Intensive Quenching within the Martensitic Range IQ within the martensitic range Delay of martensitic transformation

Production Batch Type IQ Equipment IQ system consisting of 6,000-gallon IQ water tank equipped with four props and a atmosphere furnace.  IQ system consisting of 1,900-gallon water tank and one prop. IQ system consisting of 11,000-gallon water tank equipped with fsolution Na2(NO)3 our props and atmosphere furnace. 

Punch Made of S5 Steel. Service life increased from 2 to 8 times

Performance of IQ - 2 Technological Process at Akron Steel Treating Co Load is exiting the furnace Load is on the transfer cart Load is entering the IQ tank.

SUMMARY When film boiling is absent, self – regulated thermal process is established immediately maintaining surface temperature at the level of boiling point of liquid. Duration of TNBP is directly proportional to squared size of a body and inversely proportional to thermal diffusivity of a material, depends on the configuration, initial temperature, velocity, and thermal properties of system. On the basis of discovered characteristics high strengthened materials were manufactured by use of intensive quenching IQ-2 method.