Seeing the Sky Naked-Eye Astronomy.

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Presentation transcript:

Seeing the Sky Naked-Eye Astronomy

Naked-Eye Astronomy Stars Planets (move relative to stars) Sun (disk about 1/2 degree) Moon (disk about 1/2 degree) Other (comets, meteors, UFOs, etc.)

Angles Can only measure angles on the sky (circle spans 360 degrees; 1 degree = 60 minutes; 1 minute = 60 seconds) Angular distance is the angle on the sky between two celestial objects Use your fist (about 10 degrees at arm’s length)

Sky Directions Face South (sun at noon), then North is to your back West is to your right East is to your left (Northern hemisphere!)

Sky Motions Only see angular speeds (angle covered per unit time-day, month, year) Motions are relative with respect to some reference (stars, horizon) Same object can have different motions at the same time relative to different references

Stars Patterns: “fixed” constellations (88 official); no visible change over human lifetimes Daily: Rise in east, set in west (relative to horizon) Seasonal: Different constellations visible at different seasons

Moon Daily: Rises in east, sets in west (relative to horizon) Monthly: Cycle of phases; angle relative to the sun (opposition-full) Monthly: Moves eastward relative to zodiacal stars Eclipses can occur at new (solar) or full (lunar)

Sun Daily: Rise in east, set in west (relative to the horizon) Due south at noon (northern hemisphere!); greatest angle (for the day) above horizon at noon Seasonally: noon height varies (highest, summer, lowest winter); rising, setting points also vary

Sun Moves eastward relative to stars Moves through constellations of the zodiac, about 360 degrees in one year (about 1 degree per day) Path in sky relative to the stars defines the ecliptic

Planets Daily: Rise in east, set in west (relative to horizon) Long-term: Move eastward relative to stars (zodiac) In regular cycles, move westward relative to the stars (retrograde)

Planets-Long term Mercury, Venus stay near sun (morning, evening stars) Mars, Jupiter, Saturn anywhere in zodiac relative to sun Average angular speeds of eastward motion through zodiac: Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn

Planets-Retrograde Mercury, Venus retrograde only near sun (when moving from evening to morning “star”) Mars, Jupiter, Saturn retrograde only when opposite the sun in the sky (opposition, 180 degrees apart)