Fig. 1. Neem induces caspase-3 activation and cell death in multiple cancer cell types. ( A ) HCT116 cells were treated with neem for 0, 12, 24 and 36h, and the percentage of cell death was determined. ( B ) LNCaP, PPC1 and MDA cells were treated with neem for 36h and the percentage of cell death (mean ± SD) was determined. ( C ) HCT116 and PPC1 cells were treated with neem for 0, 12, 24 and 36h and equal amounts of protein were subjected to caspase-3 activity measurements (i.e., DEVDase activity). Neem, neem oil; HCT-116, HCT116. Data are mean ± SD, n = 3; * P < 0.01. From: Neem oil limonoids induces p53-independent apoptosis and autophagy Carcinogenesis. 2012;33(11):2199-2207. doi:10.1093/carcin/bgs269 Carcinogenesis | © The Author 2012. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com 1