Introduction to the Internet RTV 420 Interactive Media Introduction to the Internet

History of Computers - 19th Century Joseph Marie Jacquard First stored program - metal cards Did no computing first computer manufacturing still in use today! Babbage knew of and intended use… Jacquard Loom - 1801

Analytical Engine Difference Engine c.1822 Analytical Engine 1833 Charles Babbage - 1792-1871 Difference Engine c.1822 huge calculator, never finished Analytical Engine 1833 could store numbers calculating “mill” used punched metal cards for instructions powered by steam! accurate to six decimal places Inspiration for Herman Hollerith for 1890 census Analytical Engine

What was the biggest advance that led to modern computers? Discussion Question What was the biggest advance that led to modern computers? Electricity ‘Transmission’ (phone, radio) Transistor Microchip Data storage

First Generation Electronic Computers used Vacuum Tubes Vacuum tubes are glass tubes with circuits inside. Vacuum tubes have no air inside of them, which protects the circuitry.

‘room sized’ computers UNIVAC – 1950-51 ‘room sized’ computers first fully electronic digital computer built in the U.S. Created at the University of Pennsylvania contained 18,000 vacuum tubes Cost $487,000 ENIAC that preceded it (late 1940s) weighed 30 tons

First compiler for a computer programming language, led to COBOL Grace Hopper (1906-1992) Programmed UNIVAC First compiler for a computer programming language, led to COBOL

First Transistor Used Silicon (semiconductor) developed in 1948 won a Nobel prize on-off switch 2nd Generation Computers used Transistors, starting in 1956

1956 – Computers began to incorporate Transistors Second Generation – 1965-1963 1956 – Computers began to incorporate Transistors Replaced vacuum tubes with Transistors Note introduction of the Integrated Circuit Jack Kilby (1958 – Texas Instruments) and Robert Noyce (Fairchild Semiconductors) separately invented the IC or integrated circuit at the same time.

Third Generation Computers used Integrated Circuits (chips). Integrated Circuits are transistors, resistors, and capacitors integrated together into a single “chip” First one made by Texas Instruments in 1958

Software – Instructions for Computer Operating System Software – Instructions for Computer ‘Operating system’ is set of instructions loaded each time a computer is started to tell it how to run ‘Program’ is instructions loaded when needed to implement a task

Getting smaller, cheaper Third Generation – 1964-1971 1964-1971 Integrated Circuit Operating System Getting smaller, cheaper

The First Microprocessor – 1971 Intel 4004 Microprocessor The 4004 had 2,250 transistors four-bit chunks (four 1’s or 0’s) 108Khz Called “Microchip”

Very Large Scale Integrated Circuit (VLSIC) What is a Microchip? Very Large Scale Integrated Circuit (VLSIC) Transistors, resistors, and capacitors 4004 had 2,250 transistors Pentium IV had 42 MILLION transistors As of 2016, the highest transistor count in a commercially available CPU (in one chip) is over 7.2 billion transistors, in Intel's 22-core Xeon Broadwell-EP.

Transistor count of the integrated circuits doubles about every two years. Moore’s Law

4th Generation – began 1971 MICROCHIPS! Getting smaller and smaller, but we are still using microchip technology

Birth of Personal Computers - 1975 MITS Altair 256 byte memory (not Kilobytes or Megabytes) 2 MHz Intel 8080 chips Just a box with flashing lights cost $395 kit, $495 assembled. 1975, you could buy a new car for under $3,000

Over the past 50 years, the Electronic Computer has evolved rapidly. Connections: vacuum tube transmission integrated circuit transistor microchip

Evolution of Electronics Microchip (VLSIC) Integrated Circuit Transistor Vacuum Tube

Apple II, 1977: ‘Integer Basic’ OS Monochrome monitor, floppy drives First Mass Market PC Apple II, 1977: ‘Integer Basic’ OS Monochrome monitor, floppy drives

IBM-Intel-Microsoft joint venture IBM PC - 1981 IBM-Intel-Microsoft joint venture First wide-selling personal computer used in business 8088 Microchip - 29,000 transistors 4.77 Mhz processing speed 256 K RAM (Random Access Memory) standard One or two floppy disk drives Open architecture

Founded 1977 Apple II released 1977 Macintosh (left) Apple Computers Founded 1977 Apple II released 1977 widely used in schools Built until 1983 Macintosh (left) released in 1984, Motorola 68000 Microchip processor first commercial computer with graphical user interface (GUI) and pointing device (mouse) ZEROX PARC, Lisa

Texas Instruments TI computer Radio Shack, TRS 80 Commodore 64 / 128 Along the way, 80s & 90s Timex Sinclair Texas Instruments TI computer Radio Shack, TRS 80 Commodore 64 / 128 Commodore Amiga Along with ‘compatibles’—Compaq, Dell, eMachines, Gateway, etc.

1990s: Pentiums and Power Macs Early 1990s began penetration of computers into every niche: every desk, most homes, etc. Faster, less expensive computers paved way for this Windows 95 was first decent GUI for “PCs” Macs became more PC compatible - easy file transfers Apple effort at licensing OS (Power Computing) Mac conversion to Intel chip Prices have plummeted $2000 for entry level to $400-$500 $6000 for top of line to $1000-$1500

Great increases in speed, storage, and memory 21st Century Computing Great increases in speed, storage, and memory Increased networking, speed in Internet Broadband growth Netbooks / iPad / tablets Smart Phones Impact of touch technology 3G to 4G (3-5 Mbps / 8-10 Mbps)

What’s next for computers? Voice interface: Siri? Google App Cloud computing growth Interface to almost all activities? And of course all this allowed growth of the Internet… Started by Sputnik

U.S. government and universities ARPANET U.S. government and universities Various networks, various communication protocols TCP/IP: ‘The Internet Programs on the Internet…. Email, FTP, electronic bulletin boards, etc., then... The World Wide Web, Tim Berners-Lee

Internet, Packets and Routing The Internet is a network of computer networks Data is transmitted by packet switching using the standard Internet Protocol (IP) Packet – a unit of information carriage Packet switching – process of moving packets from one node (computer device) to another

A Visualization of Internet

A Visualization of Internet

Internet, Packets and Routing At the sender, data is broken into packets and sent to the nearest node (router) At each router, it sends the packet to another router that is closer to the final destination At the receiver, packets are reassembled to get the original data A comparison: mailing system

Mailing System A B A&M-Commerce UTA Admin

TCP/IP and Domain Names Basic task of IP – moving packets as quickly as possible from one router to another Yet, it doesn’t check whether packets are delivered successfully, thus it needs TCP TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) – disassemble/reassemble packets, error checking, ACK packets

TCP/IP and Domain Names TCP's relatively complex protocol called the "three-way handshake” SYN SYN/ACK ACK The protocol is based on: SYN - (Synchronize) Initiates a connection FIN(Final) Cleanly terminates connection ACK - Acknowledges received data

TCP/IP and Domain Names We need some sort of address in order to identify different nodes, as every house has a mailing address in order to receive mail from others The one used by Internet Protocol is called IP address Every host on the Internet has a unique IP address, made up of four numbers. E.g.. 192.56.215.131, each number between 0 and 255 originally

Why? If you know binary, you will understand that each of these numbers is stored in 8 bits (binary digits), and the number of possibilities you can have is 2 raised to the power of 8, which is 256 (0-255).

TCP/IP and Domain Names The numbers in an IP address are hard to remember, names are easier Domain Name System – a mapping between the human-readable name (domain name) of a host and its IP address A domain name consists of two or more parts, e.g. hssa.tamuc.edu The rightmost label conveys the top-level domain, e.g. edu

TCP/IP and Domain Names The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers manages the top-level development and architecture of the Internet domain name space. ICANN authorizes domain name registrars, through which domain names are registered and reassigned. Domain name registration with a registrar does not confer any legal ownership of the domain name, only an exclusive right of use. Let’s do a whois and register a domain…

TCP/IP and Domain Names Each label to the left specifies a domain, in our example, domain is now tamuc (University’s registered domain name), then sub-subdomain is hssa (Humanities Social Sciences Arts). (intranet—subdomain) A top-level domain can contain multiple subdomains, each subdomain can contain multiple sub-subdomains, so on. The database contains the mapping between a domain name and an IP address is stored on a DNS server.

World Wide Web The World Wide Web (commonly shortened to the Web) is a system of interlinked, hypertext documents accessed via the Internet. It is created to share files/documents and overcome the barrier of different file formats Hypertext refers to text on a computer that will lead the user to other, related information on demand.

World Wide Web Hypertext documents are created using a special kind of document formatting or “markup” language called HyperText Markup Language (HTML). Not computer code HTML is sent or received over the network using HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP). A browser is a software program which interprets the HTML documents and displays it on the user’s screen.

URLs and Client-Server Model Each document/resource on the WWW needs to have an identifier in order to be accessed by others. A Uniform Resource Identifier (URI), is a compact string of characters used to identify or name a resource. A Uniform Resource Locator (URL) is a URI which provides means of obtaining the resource by describing its network “location”.

URLs and Client-Server Model Two things are given by the URL Exact location of the document The method or protocol by which to retrieve and display the document Example, http://faculty.tamuc.edu/TDeMars/420outlineSS16.html http:// – specifies the protocol faculty.tamuc.edu – specifies the subdomain / host name / domain name /TDeMars/420outlineSS16.html – specifies the path of the document on the host

Putting it All Together

How does legacy media relate to digital media? Discussion & Review What is multimedia? How does legacy media relate to digital media? What new ways of communicating do digital media provide? What social implications are there for digital communication? •video games, •infants with digital devices •‘always connected’ •no sense of place?

Critically Thinking about Digital Media

Newspapers / magazines Basic Media History Gutenburg Movable type, c. 1439 (before? … ) Newspapers / magazines Telegraph (1844) / telephone (1876) / photograph (1839) Radio (1895) / television (1800s / early 1900s) / cable (1940s) / satellite (1960s) Vacuum tubes / transistors / integrated circuits / computers

New media are associated with… A shift from modernity to postmodernity Intensifying globalization processes A replacement (in the West) of an industrial age of manufacturing by a post-industrial information age A decentring of established and centralized geo-political orders

How are the media changing? Institutions Constant flux of ‘new media’ Ideological connotations of ‘the new’ Inclusive – ‘interactive media’ … ‘computer mediated communication’ … virtual reality … non-linear communication … UGC … citizen journalism Today: Mobile media, Big Data, ‘new networks’—Netflix, CBS Interactive

Notable People What got us here?

‘Technological determinism’ Marshall MacLuhan (1911-1980) His work is viewed as one of the cornerstones of the study of media theory. McLuhan is known for coining the expressions "the medium is the message" and the "global village” The subject that would occupy most of McLuhan's career was the task of understanding the effects of technology as it related to popular culture, and how this in turn affected human beings and their relations with one another in communities. ‘Technological determinism’

Raymond Williams (1921-1988) One of the first in Britain to develop the discipline of Cultural Studies Tried to understand literature and related cultural forms (including media) not as the outcome of an isolated aesthetic adventure, but as the manifestation of a deeply social process that involved a series of complex relationships Evaluated relationships between ideology and culture, and the development of socialist perspectives in the communicative arts

Vannevar Bush (1890-1974) Many consider Bush to be the Godfather of our wired age, often making reference to his 1945 essay, "As We May Think." Bush described a theoretical machine he called a "memex," which was to enhance human memory by allowing the user to store and retrieve documents linked by associations. This associative linking was very similar to what is known today as hypertext.

Gottfried Leibniz (math, logic, philosophy) Others… Gottfried Leibniz (math, logic, philosophy) Charles Babbage (invented first mechanical computer) Alan Turing (father of computer science and artificial intelligence) Ted Nelson (hypertext) Roland Barthes (structuralism, semiotics) Bill Gates? Steve Jobs? Jaron Lanier? Tim Berners-Lee? Who else? Chapter 1 – ‘Understanding Multimedia’