Overview : Algerian Local Sheep Breeds Ph.D. Supervisor: Dr. GAOUAR Suheil Ph.D. student Mr. AMEUR Abdelkader

Some informations about Algeria Algeria is the largest country in Africa, is located in the country's far north. With an area of 2,381,741 km2 (80% Sahara) 3 different climate zones, Mediterranean zone Arid (dry) zone Sahara (desert) zone Tunisia morocco Mali Niger

Presentation of the steppe regions Algerian steppe, located between the Tell Atlas in the north and the Saharan Atlas in the South. area of 20 million hectares (200 million Km2) alfa (Stipa tenacissima) and sparte (Lygeum spartum) degradation and desertification of steppe these regions forcing elveur change their places and change all races location

livestock farming systems and Animal breeding in Algeria Algerian farmers have a long tradition in sheep breeding. Sheep comprise one of the most important domestic livestock species in Algeria with more than: 30 million sheep, 5 million goats 3.5 million camels, they play an important role in the livelihood of local community since they are a good source of meat, milk and wool This farming is generally conducted in an extensive production system based on the exploitation of free forage units

Algerian sheep population The population of the sheep breeds in Algeria is about 30. 880. 000 heads (MADR 2015) depend on the richness of genetics resources. Currently, this herd is composed by more than 12 breeds (Ouled Djellal, Rembi, Sidaou, berbere, Ifilène, Barbarine, Hamra, Taâdmit, Srandi, Draan, D’men and Tezegzawt) with various characteristics resistance, prolificacy, productivity of meat, milk and wool, A good adaptability in arid; steppe and Saharan conditions.

Classification of Algerian sheep breeds Three classifications 1857 by Mr Bernis, divided the sheep population into three categories: The Touareg sheep, The fat tail sheep The sheep with wool and normal tail in the west and east of Algeria 1992 by Mr. Chellig, who divided the whole sheep populations into 8 breeds The main breeds: Ouled Djellal, Hamra, Rembi and Taâdmit; The secondary breeds: D'man, Sidaou, Berber and Barbarine 2015 by Mr. GAOUAR, sheep population divided on the total number of individuals High numbers of breeds (Ouled Djellal, Rembi, Sidaou and berbere) Limited numbers of breeds (Ifilène, Barbarine, Hamra, Taâdmit, Srandi, Draan, D’men and Tezegzawt)

Breeds with Effective number Part % 11.340.000 63 % 1.998.000 11.1 % 63 % 1.998.000 11.1 % 55.800 0.31 % 4.500.000 25 % 48.600 0.27 % 34.200 0.19 % 23.400 0.13 % Cross breeds, with ouled djellal breed specially Reste

Ouled Djellal Breed Ewe Ouled Djellal East Algeria Ram Ouled Djellal East Algeria

Ouled Djellal Breed Algerian Arab breed, white breed Origin Arab (middle east) or Romans (Italy) Sheep steppe and most adapted to nomadism Suitability for long walks Recently, this breed has known a considerable extension in the Tellian steppe and the North Sahara (preferred by farmers) causing the narrowing and diminution of races repartition areas (Hamra, Berber, Barbarine, Taâdmit, Rembi and D'man). It is considered as the best breed of meat in Algeria

Ouled Djellal Breed Ewe Ouled Djellal west Algeria RAM Ouled Djellal west Algeria

Distribution area

HAMRA Breed Ewe Hamra El-Aricha Ram Hamra El-Aricha

Phenotype description Called "Deghma" is native in Algeria (Beni Ighil breed Morroco) Good flavor and meat fitness Very resistant breed steppe to condition (Winter cold, summer heat )

Ewe Hamra Type Malako Sheep Hamra Type Malako

Distribution area

Rembi breed Ewe Rembi Ram Rembi

Phenotype description Cross breed : between Ouled Djellal and Mouflon Inherited horns from the Mouflon and size from breed ouled Djellal The Rembi breed occupies the intermediate zone between Ouled Djellal breed in the east and Hamra breed in the west

Distribution area

Berbère breed Native and Oldest Algerian breed Ewe brebère breed Ram brebère breed Native and Oldest Algerian breed Located in the mountains excellent milk production and poor Meet quality

Distribution area

Barbarine breed Ewe Barbarine breed Ewe Barbarine breed

Phenotype description Named "guebliya, it resist to hot (North sahara) Animal with half fat tail Its effectives is currently, influenced by Ouled-Djellal Breed the strong migration to Tunisia (smuggling and traffic) Its meat strongly saturated with fat Ability to accumulate fat reserves in its tail, but, Unfortunally this character was missed our Barbarins sheep breeds because they loose more than 40% of their weight during dryness without loosing their fertility, which is explained by energy faculty use in their tail

Distribution area

D’men breed Ram D’men Breed Ewe D’men Breed Ram D’men Breed It's a Saharan breed of oases of southwestern Algeria Good meat quality and a sweet taste (dates) it is a very prolific sheep breed

Distribution area

Sidaou Breed Ram Sidaou Breed Ewe Sidaou Breed

Phenotype description This breed is also called Targuia because it is raised by the Tuareg (Hoggar- Tassili) It seems that the origin of the breed belong to Targuia Sudan (the Sahel) The Sidaou sheep looks like a goat but it has a long tail (covered with hair) The Targuia species is resistant to the Saharan climate and large steps it is considered by the veterinary services as a healthy carrier of many parasites

Distribution area

Ifilène Breed Ewe Ifilene breeds Ram Ifilene breeds This breed originates from Mali, Niger and Nigeria (Uda breed) it is essentially exploited by the Tuareg population characterized by arched nasal bridge in both sexes It's a furry breed and its meat is appreciated by breeders unlike meat of Sidaou and D'man meat.

Distribution area

Tazegzawt, Ham or Blue breed Ram Tazegzawt breed Ewe Tazegzawt breed Blue breed or Tazegzawt in Kabylie and Ham in Mechria (Nâama) black blue pigmentation at the level eyes The color of the head and legs of Tazegzawt breed similar to that of Martinik breed

Distribution area

Srandi breed Ram Srandi breed Ewe Srandi breed

Srandi breed Srandi breed exists in Algerian with an important effective in areas near the Algerian-Moroccan border, It’s look like: Sardi breed ,Morocco Ripollesa breed of Spain Causse du Lot breed French

Darâa or black sheep breed Ram Darâa breed Ewe Darâa breed

Phenotype description This breed exists in the entire Algerian territory but in low numbers It is characterized by black skin (hence its name Daraa), brown wool, closed or semi closed fleece the tail is medium to long, the horns are absent in females but can exist in males According to farmers the result of crossing between Ouled Djellal and Hamra breeds very similar to French breed black of Velay Tunisian Black Thibar breed

Taâdmit breed Ram Taâdmit breed Ram Taâdmit breed

Phenotype description It is a genetic cross between the Merino Eastern Ouled Djellal breed This crossing was undertaken since 1860 This crossing aimed the improvement of the woolen abilities of Ouled Djellal breed Merino Eastern breed France

Some of phenotypic traits of sheep breeds Color Wool Tail Body weight (Kg) Withers Height (Cm) Milk production (Kg) Use M F Ouled Djellal white skin white Fine and medium 81 49 84 74 70-80 (180 Days) Milk, wool, meat, Hamra Brown skin Mahogany (dark red) 71 40 76 67 50-60 (150days) Meat and wool Rembi Medium 80 62 77 55-65 (180 days) Berbère generally white bright and white 45 37 65 60 50-60 Milk and wool Barbarine White Half fat 70 64 40-50 Wool, milk and meat Sidaou Multicolor Hair (black, brown, and white) 46 75 Meat and milk Ifinene Hair (multi) - Meat and Hair Tazegzawt White with black blue patches 87 79 Milk and meat Draan Black brown Fine and Medium Srandi medium or short 50

Performance and reproducibility of same Sheep breeds Reproduction traits Average daily gain (g) Birth Weight (kg) Fertility prolificacy Longevity (years) Seasonality M F Ouled Djellal 95% 110% 12 10 A) April to July /October to November 200 3.4 3.3 B) All along year Hamra 90% 110-120% 8-10 10-12 April to June / September to October 150/180 2.5/3.1 Rembi 9-10 April to July /September to December 200/250 3.5 Berbère 11 Spring and early summer 1.8 - 2 Barbarine - 1 half of July -2nd Half of February 2.5 D’men 150-250% All year 2,5 / 1,8 Sidaou 98% 100% 14 Estrus continue during breastfeeding 2,5 Ifeline Tazegzawt

(Project in collaboration Turkey-Algeria) About current study Molecular analysis for 12 Algerian sheep breeds, Using 15 Microsatellites (Project in collaboration Turkey-Algeria)

Material and Methods used . Animal material and DNA isolation: DNA previously extracted in Algeria from 300 individuals belonging to 12 Algerian local breeds, we used classical method with Nacl , Miller et al (1988) . PCR condition and fragment analysis 15 microsatellite markers, labeled with fluorescent dye (D2, D3 and D4), were used according to recommendation of FAO (2011). Two multiplex groups were created according to fragment length of microsatellites (Table 2).

Primer sequence M1 M2 Allelic range (bp) 11 96-136 D3 19 148-190 Table 2. Details of considered microsatellite loci. Genomic DNA was amplified by touchdown PCR technique with the multiplex microsatellite group (Table 3). Multiplex Group Primer Name Primer sequence Chr. No Allelic range (bp) Label ISAG FAO M1 OarFCB193 TTCATCTCAGACTGGGATTCAGAAAGGC 11 96-136 D3 GCTTGGAAATAACCCTCCTGCATCCC OarFCB304 CCCTAGGAGCTTTCAATAAAGAATCGG 19 148-190 150-188 CGCTGCTGTCAACTGGGTCAGGG INRA0023 GAGTAGAGCTACAAGATAAACTTC 201 - 219 195-225 TAACTACAGGGTGTTAGATGAACTC OarCP34 GCTGAACAATGTGATATGTTCAGG 3 112-130 D4 GGGACAATACTGTCTTAGATGCTGC INRA0132 AACATTTCAGCTGATGGTGGC 20 152 – 172 TTCTGTTTTGAGTGGTAAGCTG D5S2 TACTCGTAGGGCAGGCTGCCTG 190 - 210 GAGACCTCAGGGTTGGTGATCAG BM1818 AGCTGGGAATATAACCAAAGG 258 - 270 248-278 AGTGCTTTCAAGGTCCATGC M2 BM8125 CTCTATCTGTGGAAAAGGTGGG 17 110-130 GGGGGTTAGACTTCAACATACG McM0527 GTCCATTGCCTCAAATCAATTC 5 165 - 179 165-187 AAACCACTTGACTACTCCCCAA CSRD0247 GGACTTGCCAGAACTCTGCAAT 14 209-261 220-247 CACTGTGGTTTGTATTAGTCAGG OarFCB128 ATTAAAGCATCTTCTCTTTATTTCCTCGC 2 96-130 D2 CAGCTGAGCAACTAAGACATACATGCG BM1329 TTGTTTAGGCAAGTCCAAAGTC 6 145-161 160-182 AACACCGCAGCTTCATCC HSC CTGCCAATGCAGAGACACAAGA 267 - 301 GTCTGTCTCCTGTCTTGTCATC OarJMP29 GTATACACGTGGACACCGCTTTGTAC 24 96-150 GAAGTGGCAAGATTCAGAGGGGAAG MAF214 GGGTGATCTTAGGGAGGTTTTGGAGG 16 181-265 174-282 AATGCAGGAGATCTGAGGCAGGGACG

Genomic DNA was amplified by touchdown PCR technique with the multiplex microsatellite group (Table 3). Table 3. Thermal cycling conditions according to Touchdown PCR Loci Multiplex Group First Denaturation Annealing Extension Cycle Final Extention OarFCB193 1 95 ºC (5 min) (40sec) 63-54 ºC (40 Sec) 72 ºC (60 sec) 40 (10 min) OarFCB304 INRA0023 OarCP34 INRA0132 D5S2 BM1818 BM8125 2 60-50 ºC (40 sec) 34 McM0527 CSRD0247 OarFCB128 BM1329 HSC OarJMP29 MAF214

Statistical Analysis GenAlEx, POPGENE and CERVUS 3.0.3: Using of calculated The genetic distance dendrogram for the breed was drawn with MEGA 6 and Dendroscope Wright’s F-statistics (FIT, FIS, FST) were calculated with POPGENE FSTAT 2.93 : Nei’s gene diversity (HT), diversity between breeds (DST), and coefficient of gene differentiation (GST) values GENETIX v4.05 software used for identified Factorial correspondence analysis “AFC sur populations” Using STRUCTURE for genetic structure of the populations was investigated Analysis observed heterozygosity (Ho), expected heterozygosity (He), average heterozygosity (Ĥ), Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium and null allele frequencies Number of alleles per locus (Na), mean number of alleles (MNa), effective number of alleles (Ne), polymorphic information content (PIC),

Results of our study *** * Loci N Allelic range (bp) Na Ne PIC FIS* FIT* FST* Ho He Ĥ HWE F(Null) OARFCB193 295 88-138 24 9.42 0.89 0.134 0.183 0.057 0.74 0.90 0.84 *** 0.095 OARFCB304 289 140-192 26 10.03 0.133 0.167 0.039 0.73 0.86 0.103 INRA0123 191-229 21 12.68 0.92 -0.065 -0.013 0.048 0.94 0.88 -0.009 OARCP34 293 100-134 19 7.58 0.038 0.046 0.83 0.87 0.022 INRA0132 294 142-184 12.86 0.015 0.060 0.045 0.030 D5S2 290 160-216 20 9.69 0.106 0.063 0.79 0.061 BM1818 276 242-296 28 17.3 0.158 0.197 0.75 0.115 BM8125 100-138 10.29 -0.046 -0.010 0.035 0.004 MCM0527 285 151-191 8.81 0.088 0.120 0.036 0.85 0.056 CSRD0247 284 199-263 33 11.28 0.91 0.107 0.071 0.81 0.062 OARFCB128 94-136 22 9.48 0.034 0.075 0.043 BM1329 126-194 23 14.31 0.93 0.079 HSC 277 261-311 25 14.58 0.105 0.132 0.029 0.82 OARJMP29 296 94-162 35 10.32 -0.018 0.011 0.028 * 0.007 MAF214 179-257 32 7.12 0.002 0.040 0.037 0.020 Mean 24.67 11.05 0.047 0.044   Number of alleles per locus (Na), mean number of alleles (MNa), effective number of alleles (Ne), polymorphic information content (PIC), Wright’s F-statistics (FIT, FIS, FST) were calculated with POPGENE observed heterozygosity (Ho), expected heterozygosity (He), average heterozygosity (Ĥ), Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium and null allele frequencies

Table 6. Nei’s gene diversity (HT), the diversity between breeds (DST), coefficient of gene differentiation (GST) and gene flow estimated for each loci in Algerian sheep population. Loci DST GST HT Nm* OARFCB193 0.028 0.031 0.895 4.133 OARFCB304 0.011 0.012 0.897 6.197 INRA0123 0.024 0.027 0.921 4.966 OARCP34 0.020 0.023 0.869 5.220 INRA0132 0.022 0.924 5.263 D5S2 0.036 0.040 0.898 3.698 BM1818 0.017 0.018 0.940 5.216 BM8125 0.013 0.896 6.884 MCM0527 0.009 0.010 0.887 6.716 CSRD0247 0.042 0.047 3.288 OARFCB128 0.019 0.891 5.546 BM1329 0.005 0.932 7.976 HSC 0.001 0.933 8.254 OARJMP29 0.004 0.902 8.812 MAF214 0.014 0.856 6.432 Mean 0.903 5.4919 Wright’s F-statistics (FIT, FIS, FST) were calculated with POPGENE FSTAT 2.93 : Nei’s gene diversity (HT), diversity between breeds (DST), and coefficient of gene differentiation (GST) values

BB: Barbarine, OJ: Ouleddjelal, IL: Ifilene, SR: Srandi, DR: Daraan, RB: Rembi, BR: Berbere, TD: Taadmit, HR: Hamara, SD: Sidaou, TG: Tazegzawt, DM: D’men; *Wright's statistics according to Weir and Cockerham. 1984; * P<0.05, ** P<0.01, *** P<0.001 Breeds MNA Mean Heterozigosity FIS HWE NPA Ho (SE) He Freq. ≥5% <%5 Total BB 14.67 0.84 (0.027) 0.87 (0.012) 0.065 2 1 5 6 OJ 17.80 0.84 (0.020) 0.90 (0.005) 0.084 - 9 IL 9.07 0.83 (0.019) 0.82 (0.014) 0.038 SR 10.47 0.83 (0.023) 0.84 (0.014) 0.049 DR 8.73 0.75 (0.032) 0.83 (0.012) 0.140   RB 15.80 0.80 (0.026) 0.88 (0.009) 0.100 7 BR 13.33 0.81 (0.026) 0.86 (0.012) 0.083 3 4 TD 13.20 0.82 (0.025) 0.85 (0.008) 0.056 HR 14.60 0.85 (0.023) 0.89 (0.006) 0.062 SD 13.67 0.83 (0.027) 0.87 (0.009) 0.063 TG 14.87 0.86 (0.014) 0.046 DM 12.87 0.82 (0.029) 0.87 (0.008) 0.082 Table . Mean number of alleles (MNA), mean observed (Ho) and expected (He) heterozygosity, within-breed heterozygote deficiency (FIS), number of loci not in the Hardy- Weinberg equilibrium (P < 0.05) and number of private alleles (NPA) for each breed across 15 loci

Figure. Dendrogram based on Nei’s minimum genetic distances among 12 breeds (bootstrap resampling methodology (1000 replicates)).

Figure XXX. The factorial correspondance analysis (FCA) results showing the relationship between twelwe populations

Figure. Estimation of the population structure with different K values (assuming K = 2 and 12).

Estimated posterior probabilities [Ln Pr(X|K)] for different numbers of inferred clusters (K) and ΔK statistic.

Estimated posterior probabilities [Ln Pr(X|K)] for different numbers of inferred clusters (K) and ΔK statistic K Ln Pr(X|K) ΔK 2 -22840.215000 — 3 -22641.230000 30.929336 4 -22718.215000 3.309221 5 -22529.305000 5.836526 6 -22562.610000 1.523554 7 -22759.805000 0.096637 8 -22971.685000 0.006864 9 -23185.810000 0.681015 10 -22941.185000 2.195144 11 -23501.895000 1.021551 12 -23384.780000 0.196768

Previous Works with the same breeds By Dr. Gaouar S.

Microsatellites Dendrogram Rumbi Taadmit Ouled Djellal Sidaoun D’men Hamra 1000 795 988 874 We used 22 microsatillites Dendrogram

Analyse multidimensionnelle (22 microsatellites)

Individual assignment based on Bayesian cluster analysis Individual assignment based on Bayesian cluster analysis. Plots are constructed using the program DISTRUCT (Rosenberg, 2004).

Scatterplot of the first two principal components of DAPC using breeds as prior clusters.

Current state of livestock farming sheep breed in Algeria Sheep farming in algeria characterized by the absence of any strategy of preservation and conservation of sheep genetic resources The extension of the ouled-djellal breed in the tell, the steppe and the northern sahara, on the other side hamra breed extend in eastern algeria, which causing narrowing of the distribution of other breeds areas. The sidaou and ifilene breeds extension in the sahara at the in the place of d'man race and barbarine. The extension of ouled djellal and sidaou breeds was done either by replacing or (mostly) by assimilation, which results in the following effects: Reduced overall genetic variability in sheep because of the loss of a number of allelic variants probably due to the decrease in the number of existing breeds. Increase the genetic variability of extension breeds such as ouled djellal and sidaou especially where the extension is through by assimilation (integration in the gene pool of the breed some allelic variants of similar breeds)

Thank you for your attention ameurabdelkader@gmail.com souheilgaouar@yahoo.fr