C11.4 - Civilizations of Southeast Asia Main Idea The early civilizations of Southeast Asia were influenced by geography and the cultures of India and China Objectives What factors influenced early civilizations in the region of Southeast Asia? What early kingdoms and empires developed in Southeast Asia?

I. Influences on Southeast Asia India and China shaped development; geography and trade also important

I. Influences on Southeast Asia SE Asia divided in two parts—mainland SE Asia and island SE Asia Mainland: modern nations of Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, part of Malaysia Island: Rest of Malaysia, Brunei, East Timor, Indonesia, Philippines, Singapore

A. Geography Valleys, river deltas home to farming civilizations Mountains in between limited contact Islands surrounded by seas and straits; provided sources of food, travel, trade routes

B. Trade Two important trade routes between India and China: Strait of Malacca, Sunda Strait Control of these brought wealth, power

B. Trade Monsoons, or seasonal winds, shaped trade Winds blow northeast in summer, southwest in winter

B. Trade Ships relied on monsoons to sail from place to place; had to wait in port until winds shifted to resume voyage Many Southeast Asian port cities became important economic centers

B. Trade By AD 100s, Indian merchants had begun prosperous sea trade with SE Asia Trade routes through Central Asia became more dangerous after fall of Han dynasty in AD 220

B. Trade Seaborne trade between China, India increased Traders passed through Southeast Asia; exchanged goods for local products

C. India and China Indian influence spread through trade and missionaries - Hinduism, Buddhism, Islam Many kingdoms adopted the religions, built temples in Indian style

C. India and China Ideas on writing, science, government, etc. spread to SE Asia Ancient Indian language, Sanskrit, came into wide use

C. India and China Chinese influence spread by conquest, trade, migration China controlled northern Vietnam at different times, strongly influenced the region

II. Early Kingdoms and Empires Early kingdoms of SE Asia blended their cultures with influences from India and China to form unique societies

A. The Pagan Kingdom AD 800s, Burmans established kingdom of Pagan in Irrawaddy River valley Anawrahta ruled 1044 to 1077, united much of what is now Myanmar Pagan became center of Buddhist learning

Buddhist Stupas (shrines) A. The Pagan Kingdom Irrawaddy River valley Buddhist Stupas (shrines)

A. The Pagan Kingdom Late 1200s – Mongols demanded tribute but Pagan refused Mongols crushed Pagan’s army and the king fled The king was killed by his son, who paid the tribute but Pagan lost it’s power

B. The Khmer Empire Khmer empire arose southeast of Pagan (modern Cambodia) Early 800s - Khmer conquered neighboring kingdoms, build great empire Reached height between 850 and 1250, controlled much of SE Asia mainland Grew prosperous from rice farming

B. The Khmer Empire

B. The Khmer Empire Khmer Empire adopted Hindu, Buddhist beliefs Capital city, Angkor, symbolized shape of Hindu universe Built temple complexes at Angkor Wat Cost of building projects and invaders caused the empire’s decline

Angkor Wat

C. Trading Kingdoms Several kingdoms developed on islands of SE Asia 750 to 850 - Kingdom of Sailendra on Java 600s to 1200s - Srivijaya empire on Sumatra Controlled sea trade through Malacca and Sunda straits

C. Trading Kingdoms

D. Vietnam Vietnam strongly influenced by China 111 BC - Han dynasty conquered northern VN China periodically ruled for next 1,000 years

D. Vietnam Vietnamese forced to adopt Chinese language, clothing, hairstyles Confucianism, Daoism influenced society Adopted Chinese government features, including bureaucracy

D. Vietnam AD 39 - Sisters Trung Trac and Trung Nhi raised army and drove out Chinese Chinese regained control, but sisters heroes in VN today

D. Vietnam Early 900s, China’s Tang dynasty collapsed 939, Vietnamese established kingdom of Dai Viet in northern VN Chinese tried but failed to re-conquer VN Mongols invaded in the 1200s – VN defeated them and remained independent

D. Vietnam Dai Viet sent tribute to China, but remained independent 1285, Mongols invaded; defeated by Dai Viet prince Tran Quoc Toan, became a hero

Rebellion in Vietnam