PROTEINS LEVELS OF PROTEIN STRUCTURE 1. 2. 1. Central Carbon Atom 3. Make up just about everything! Made up of subunits called First one in all eukaryotic proteins is PROTEINS Most notable type, end in the suffix -ASE Held together via Peptide Bonds Formed via Encoded by the AUG start codon LEVELS OF PROTEIN STRUCTURE 1. Loss of water  covalent bond where their name comes from! Sequence of Amino Acids Ex. Met-Ser-His Lower the Energy of Activation Speed up the rate of a reaction 2. 1. 3. Central Carbon Atom 4. Variable R-Group 2. PROTEIN STRUCTURE CAN BE BY BREAKING WEAK CHEMICAL INTERACTIONS BY ALTERING: flexible HYDROPHOBIC tough/durable Made up of mostly Aromatic rings & Hydrocarbon chains Ex. Ala, Phe, Gly One protein adopting mutliple 3-D shapes HYDROPHILIC Made up of mostly Hydrocarbons AND Oxygen, Nitrogen, Sulfhydryl Ex. Ser, Gln, Thr 3. Multiple proteins forming macrocomplex IONIC INT. 4. NEGATIVELY CHARGED Contains Carboxylic Acid -COOH  -COO- Ex. Asp & Glu Contains Amine –NH2  -NH3+ Ex. Arg, His, Lys POSITIVELY CHARGED

PROTEINS Amino Acids Dehydration Reactions ENZYMES Make up just about everything! Made up of subunits called First one in all eukaryotic proteins is PROTEINS Amino Acids Methionine Most notable type, end in the suffix -ASE Held together via Peptide Bonds Formed via Encoded by the AUG start codon Dehydration Reactions ENZYMES Amine Group LEVELS OF PROTEIN STRUCTURE 1. Loss of water  covalent bond where their name comes from! Sequence of Amino Acids Ex. Met-Ser-His P Primary Lower the Energy of Activation Speed up the rate of a reaction Carboxylic Acid Group 2. 1. 3. Central Carbon Atom Alpha-helix Secondary 4. Variable R-Group 2. PROTEIN STRUCTURE CAN BE BY BREAKING WEAK CHEMICAL INTERACTIONS BY ALTERING: flexible NON-POLAR Beta-sheet DENATURED HYDROPHOBIC Made up of mostly Aromatic rings & Hydrocarbon chains Ex. Ala, Phe, Gly POLAR tough/durable HYDROPHILIC Made up of mostly Hydrocarbons AND Oxygen, Nitrogen, Sulfhydryl Ex. Ser, Gln, Thr One protein adopting mutliple 3-D shapes Tertiary 3. ACIDIC Temperature pH Pressure Salt Concentration Multiple proteins forming macrocomplex IONIC INT. NEGATIVELY CHARGED Quartenary 4. Contains Carboxylic Acid -COOH  -COO- Ex. Asp & Glu BASIC Contains Amine –NH2  -NH3+ Ex. Arg, His, Lys POSITIVELY CHARGED