CHAPTER 2 PART #1 C++ PROGRAM STRUCTURE King Saud University College of Applied studies and Community Service Csc 1101 By: Asma Alosaimi Edited By: Rabab Almobty, Fatimah Alakeel, Noor Alhareqi CHAPTER 2 PART #1 C++ PROGRAM STRUCTURE 1st semester 1436H

Outline C++ Program structure First Program in C++: Printing a Line of Text Comments Preprocessor Directive Main Output Statement Exit Printing a Single Line of Text with Multiple Statements Printing Multiple Lines of Text with a Single Statement C ++ program compilation

C++ Program Structure #include <iostream> // Preprocessor Commands int main( ) // main function { // Declaration section – Declare needed variables …... // Input section – Enter required data ….. // Processing section – Processing Statements // Output section – Display expected results ….... return 0; }// end main

First Program in C++: Printing a Line of Text // Preprocessor Commands #include <iostream> int main( ) // main function { // Output section std::cout << “Assalamo Alaikom \n";// Display a message return 0; }// end main A:Comments B:Preprocessor directives C:Main D:Output statement E:Exit The output Assalamo Alaikom

A - Comments Comments are used to describe what your code does and aid reading your code. C++ compiler ignores them. Comments are made using //  for single line comment, which comments to the end of the line. or /* */  for multi line comment, everything inside of it is considered a comment . The comment begins after the first /*. It ends just before the first */. Examples: /* This comment begins at this line. This line is included in this comment It ends at this line. */ // This comment starts here and ends at the end of this line

B – Preprocessor Directive #include < iostream > is a directive to the C++ preprocessor. Lines beginning with # are processed by the preprocessor before the program is compiled. #include < iostream > tells the preprocessor to include the contents of the input/output stream header (< iostream >) in the program. This header must be included for any program that outputs data to the screen or inputs data from the key board using C++’s stream input/output.

C – main function It is a part of every C++ program. int main() It is a part of every C++ program. The parentheses after main indicate that main is a program building block called a function. C++ programs contain one or more functions, one of which must be main. Every program in C++ begins executing at the function main. The keyword int to the left of main indicates that main “returns” an integer (whole number) value. A keyword is a word in code that is reserved by C++ for a specific use. The left brace ,{ , must begin the body of every function . A corresponding right brace ,} , must end each function’s body.

D – Output Statement std::cout<<”Assalamo Alaikom \n”; This instructs the computer to perform an action, namely to print on the screen the string of characters marked by the double quotation marks; ” and ” . The entire line, including std::cout, the<<operator, the string “Assalamo Alaikom \n“ and the semicolon(;), is called a statement. The statement is a specification of an action to be taken by the computer as the program executes. Each statement in C++ needs to be terminated with semicolon(;)

D – Output Statement Preprocessor directives (like #include) do not end with a semicolon. The << operator is referred to as the stream insertion operator. When this program executes, the value to the operator’s right, the right operand, is inserted in the output stream. The right operand’s characters normally print exactly as they appear between the double quotes. However, the characters \n are not printed on the screen. The backslash (\) is called an escape character. It indicates that a “special” character is to be output.

D – Output Statement When a backslash is encountered in a string of characters, the next character is combined with the backslash to form an escape sequence. The escape sequence \n means new line. It causes the cursor (i.e., the current screen position indicator) to move to the beginning of the next line on the screen.

D – Output Statement The std:: before cout is required when we use names that we’ve brought into the program by the preprocessor directive #include<iostream>. The notation std::cout specifies that we are using a name, in this case cout, that belongs to “namespace” std. We can avoid writing the std:: by writing using namespace std; as shown in following:

Printing a Line of Text // Preprocessor Commands #include <iostream> using namespace std; int main( ) // main function { // Output section cout << “Assalamo Alaikom \n"; // Display a message return 0; }// end main Assalamo Alaikom The output

E – Exit is included at the end of every main function. return 0; is included at the end of every main function. The keyword return is one of several means we’ll use to exit a function. When the return statement is used at the end of main as shown here, the value 0 indicates that the program has terminated successfully.

Printing a Single Line of Text with Multiple Statements // Preprocessor Commands #include <iostream> using namespace std; int main( ) // main function { // Output section cout << “Assalamo “ cout << “Alaikom \n"; // Display a message return 0; }// end main Assalamo Alaikom The output

Printing Multiple Lines of Text with a Single Statement // Preprocessor Commands #include <iostream> using namespace std; int main( ) // main function { // Output section cout << “Assalamo \n Alaikom \n"; // Display a message return 0; }// end main Assalamo Alaikom The output

C++ Program Compilation

Steps to Write, Compile, and Run a Program Editor Source code or file (.cpp) Compile file Object code or file (.obj) Linker Executable code or file (.exe) Loader Executable code is loaded into memory ready for execution

Reference : C++ How to Program (8th Edition) , By: Deitel& Deitel