The 3 c’s: consumerism, choice and competition Education policies these policies are created by government. Impact students based on marketization and reducing inequality The 3 c’s: consumerism, choice and competition

Have educational policies promoted marketization?

Marketisation of education This view argues that educational policies have led to education becoming a market place. It has created increased choice, competition and consumerism amongst and between institutions and consumers

Free schools: how does this promote parentocracy? Parents can set up a state funded school to improve education and respond to what locals say they want Gives parents too much control over schools Often charities offer funding Often to address real demand within an area Not controlled by local education authority, directly by government Set up schools if dissatisfied with local schools Parents have more input with curriculum choices Focus on religion sometimes Encourages teachers and parents to work together and drive up standards and grades within education Promotes paretnocracy, choice

Tuition fees: how does this link to market values in education? Education is a commodity, links with competition. Buy your education, consumerism Encourages universities to compete for students eg open days Increased choice in courses – consumerism

Vocational education/apprenticeships: in what ways do these meets the demands of industry? Providing people who are suited for a job. Work based training makes you more of a candidate. Providing skills for the work force Allow individuals to get jobs in competitive occupations Provides work based training. Gives individual employability skills in a competitive environment Employability skills

New a level reforms: how does this relate to the 3c’s in education Encourages more rigorous assessment Encourages competition eg working hard for high grades Variety of choice within a levels and new qualifications No resits

Academies: in what ways have academies raised achievement Academies: in what ways have academies raised achievement? How can academies be linked to privatization? Labour government – under performing schools were encouraged to become academies Jack petchy – 59% a*-c 2014 Academies are not controlled by the local education authority. They have direct funding from the government and sponsors. More control over the curriculum. Must offer core subjects, more control after that Academies encourage marketization. Eg more choice and competition and increased funding

Have educational policies reduced inequalities in achievement?

Reducing inequality This view argues that government policies in education have reduced inequality in educational access and achievement for different social groups

Curriculum 2000-2015 A levels before this time were linear exams after 2 years Curriculum 2000 introduced module exams (2 at as, 2 at a2) This enabled students of all abilities to have a greater chance of success Resits Provide students ability to succeed at a level

Sure start: in what ways des this give a helping hand to social groups? Programme to deliver the best start in live for every child by bringing together early education, childcare, health and family support Targeted on disadvantages groups – poverty Gives people who earn less money to give their children basic literacy skills before school. Chance to give children same opportunity within education eg may have material deprivation It did reduce inequality. Provided equal opportunity That was its main aim and it was success 2010 conservatives closed majority of them

How can vocational education/apprenticeships promote equality How can vocational education/apprenticeships promote equality? What type of students may benefit from this policy? Students who may not want to go to university or are not good with academic subjects, they have the opportunity to work for their qualification practically Good for students who may not be able to afford uni It promotes equality Often good for working class students Training on the course Less pressure from parents to leave education

EMA (labour) / Bursary (conservatives): which social groups have benefitted from this policy most and why? EMA- encouraged low income families children to stay in education for up to £30 a week Bursary – conservative government tried to cut costs and removed EMA, Bursaries are cheaper for the government to sustain. Colleges have more control. eg to pay for trips, food vouchers EMA promoted more equality as it was fairer. Unlike the bursary they didn’t have to ask the school to pay for them to eg go on a trip Direct access to individual- easier to access

Increasing school leaving age to 18 Prevents problem of some young people leaving education without qualifications or workplace skills. Everyone has more of a chance of employability Choice of young people to stay in full time education on work based learning is inclusive and provides choice Raiding participation will ensure that all young people, especially the most vulnerable, will benefit from he opportunities provided by continuing in learning

Pupil premium School get a certain amount of money for their disadvantaged students, good as the money can go towards certain things eg equipment or school trips Head teacher is in charge of this money, may want to put it towards getting better facilities instead of helping the individuals who are vulnerable

Social policies education 1997-2015 Some policies encourage marketization eg they promote choice, consumerism and competition between schools as well as parentocracy Other policies encourage equality eg equal access to education and supporting vulnerable groups Labour focus on both, conservative just marketization