Civil Air Patrol – California Wing Search Planning and Coverage Mission Scanner Course Chapter 9 Version 1.2 (1 March 2014)

Objectives Define the following search terms: Ground and Search Track Maximum Area of Possibility Meteorological and Search Visibility Probability Area Probability of Detection (POD) Scanning Range Search Altitude Track spacing (S)

Objectives Discuss how a disaster can effect CAP operations Discuss the types of questions relevant during damage assessment missions List typical things you are looking for during a damage assessment mission List the information you should obtain when over a damage assessment site Discuss the limitations of an air search for a missing person

Aircrew Task P-2025 Discuss Common Search Terms

Search Terms Ground track is an imaginary line on the ground that is made by an aircraft’s flight path over the ground Maximum Area of Possibility is normally a circular area centered at the search objective’s last know position (LKP), with certain corrections Meteorological visibility is the maximum distance at which large objects (e.g., a mountain) can be seen Probability Area is a smaller area, within the maximum area of possibility, where there is an increased likelihood of locating the search objective Probability of Detection (POD) is the likelihood, expressed as a percentage, that a search aircraft will locate the objective Objective 9.1 – Define the following search terms: maximum area of possibility; probability area; POD; search altitude; track spacing; meteorological and search visibility; and ground and search track.

Search Terms Scanning range is the lateral distance from a scanner’s aircraft to an imaginary line on the ground, parallel to the ground track, that a scanner is expected to have a good chance at spotting the search objective Search Altitude is the distance above the ground the at which the aircraft will consistently operate. Search track is an imaginary swath across the surface formed by the scanning range and the length of the aircraft’s ground track Search visibility is the distance at which an object on the ground can be seen and recognized from a particular height. CAP typically uses a car as an example. Track Spacing (S) is the distance between adjacent visual or electronic search legs 9.1 Objective 9.1 – Define the following search terms: maximum area of possibility; probability area; POD; search altitude; track spacing; meteorological and search visibility; and ground and search track.

Aircrew Task P-2026 Identify What To Look For and Record During Damage Assessment Missions

Disaster Assessment Natural and man-made Examples of CAP Flight Missions: Air and ground SAR services Air and ground visual and/or video imaging Flood boundary determination Air and ground transportation Courier flights Blood Transport Rescue Dogs Forestry Service Observations Counter Drug Operations Surrogate Predator Crew Training (Green Flag Operations) Radio communications support- HIGH BIRD Radio Relay Aerospace Range Clearing for Launches

How Disasters Can Effect CAP Operations Effects of extreme weather Physical landscape may be so altered as to make maps obsolete or make navigation difficult Damage or destruction of area infrastructure Limited fuel / supplies and reduced airfield availability Effects of biological, chemical or radiological terrorism (or accidental release) 9.4.1 Objective 9.5 – Discuss how a disaster can effect CAP operations.

Assessment Flying damage assessment sorties is not much different from our SAR search patterns The big difference is what you look for Should be asking questions such as: What is the geographical extent and severity of the damage? Is the damage spreading? If so, how far and how fast? How has access/egress been affected? What are the primary and secondary hazards? Is the disaster threatening critical structures or areas? Have utilities been affected or are they threatened? Can you see alternatives to problems? 9.4.5 Objective 9.6 – Discuss the types of questions you must always be asking yourself during damage assessment missions.

Assessment Some specific things to be looking for are: Breaks in pavement, railways, bridges, dams, levees, pipelines, runways and structures Roads/streets blocked by water, debris or landslide Downed power lines Ruptured water lines Motorists in distress or major accidents People stranded on top of buildings Alternate routes for emergency vehicles or evacuation Distress signals from survivors 9.4.5 Objective 9.7 – List typical things you are looking for during a damage assessment mission.

Assessment At each site, besides sketching or highlighting the extent of the damage and identifying access and egress routes, you should record: Latitude and longitude / GPS Description Type and extent of damage Photo number, or time reference for video Status and trends 9.4.5 Objective 9.8 – List the information you should obtain when over a damage assessment mission.

Aerial survey of WTC Several of these pictures were taken by a MAS graduate.

Flooding over Levee

Seeping behind Levee

2010 Gulf Oil Spill Response Total Mission Stats Days of operation 118 days Total man-hours 20,000+ Personnel involved 150 members Aircraft Deployed 54 aircraft No. of sorties 1,007 (air) 267 (ground) Flight hours 2,379.4

Play You-Tube Video: http://youtu.be/M2RKIj7Zsys Gulf Oil response - 2010 Play You-Tube Video: http://youtu.be/M2RKIj7Zsys

October 1989 Loma Prieta Earthquake Earthquake Damage October 1989 Loma Prieta Earthquake Magnitude 6.9

October 1989 Loma Prieta Earthquake Earthquake Damage October 1989 Loma Prieta Earthquake Magnitude 6.9

Tornado

Tornado

Close-up of Tornado Damage

Hurricane Katrina

Refinery Damage

Sortie from Golden Gate to Monterey 2011 Tsunami California Coast 2011 Sortie from Golden Gate to Monterey

QUESTIONS?