Cellular Respiration Stage 4: Electron Transport Chain 2006-2007

Cellular respiration

What’s the point? The point is to make ATP! ATP 2006-2007

ATP accounting so far… Glycolysis  2 ATP Kreb’s cycle  2 ATP Life takes a lot of energy to run, need to extract more energy than 4 ATP! There’s got to be a better way! I need a lot more ATP! A working muscle recycles over 10 million ATPs per second

That sounds more like it! There is a better way! Electron Transport Chain series of proteins built into inner mitochondrial membrane along cristae transport proteins & enzymes transport of electrons down ETC linked to pumping of H+ to create H+ gradient yields ~36 ATP from 1 glucose! only in presence of O2 (aerobic respiration) That sounds more like it! O2

Oooooh! Form fits function! Mitochondria Double membrane outer membrane inner membrane highly folded cristae enzymes & transport proteins intermembrane space fluid-filled space between membranes Oooooh! Form fits function!

Electron Transport Chain Inner mitochondrial membrane Intermembrane space C Q NADH dehydrogenase cytochrome bc complex cytochrome c oxidase complex Mitochondrial matrix

Remember the Electron Carriers? glucose Krebs cycle Glycolysis G3P 2 NADH 8 NADH 2 FADH2 Time to break open the piggybank!

Electron Transport Chain Building proton gradient! NADH  NAD+ + H p e intermembrane space H+ H+ H+ inner mitochondrial membrane H  e- + H+ C Q e– e– e– H FADH2 FAD H 1 2 NADH 2H+ + O2 H2O NAD+ NADH dehydrogenase cytochrome bc complex cytochrome c oxidase complex mitochondrial matrix What powers the proton (H+) pumps?…

Stripping H from Electron Carriers Electron carriers pass electrons & H+ to ETC H cleaved off NADH & FADH2 electrons stripped from H atoms  H+ (protons) electrons passed from one electron carrier to next in mitochondrial membrane (ETC) flowing electrons = energy to do work transport proteins in membrane pump H+ (protons) across inner membrane to intermembrane space NAD+ Q C NADH H2O H+ e– 2H+ + O2 FADH2 1 2 NADH dehydrogenase cytochrome bc complex cytochrome c oxidase complex FAD Oxidation refers to the loss of electrons to any electron acceptor, not just to oxygen. Uses exergonic flow of electrons through ETC to pump H+ across membrane. H+ TA-DA!! Moving electrons do the work! H+ H+ H+ ADP + Pi ATP

electrons flow downhill to O2 But what “pulls” the electrons down the ETC? H2O Pumping H+ across membrane … what is energy to fuel that? Can’t be ATP! that would cost you what you want to make! Its like cutting off your leg to buy a new pair of shoes. :-( Flow of electrons powers pumping of H+ O2 is 2 oxygen atoms both looking for electrons O2 electrons flow downhill to O2 oxidative phosphorylation The transfer of electrons from food to oxygen to create ATP.

Electrons flow downhill Electrons move in steps from carrier to carrier downhill to oxygen each carrier more electronegative controlled oxidation controlled release of energy make ATP instead of fire! Electrons move from molecule to molecule until they combine with O & H ions to form H2O It’s like pumping water behind a dam -- if released, it can do work

The H+ gradient that is formed “proton-motive” force: We did it! H+ ADP + Pi Set up a H+ gradient Allow the protons to flow through ATP synthase Synthesizes ATP ADP + Pi  ATP ATP Are we there yet?

Chemiosmosis links the Electron Transport Chain to ATP synthesis The diffusion of ions across a membrane build up of proton gradient just so H+ could flow through ATP synthase enzyme to build ATP Chemiosmosis links the Electron Transport Chain to ATP synthesis Chemiosmosis is the diffusion of ions across a membrane. More specifically, it relates to the generation of ATP by the movement of hydrogen ions across a membrane. Hydrogen ions (protons) will diffuse from an area of high proton concentration to an area of lower proton concentration. Peter Mitchell proposed that an electrochemical concentration gradient of protons across a membrane could be harnessed to make ATP. He likened this process to osmosis, the diffusion of water across a membrane, which is why it is called chemiosmosis. So that’s the point!

Peter Mitchell 1961 | 1978 Proposed chemiosmotic hypothesis revolutionary idea at the time proton motive force 1920-1992

ATP Pyruvate from cytoplasm Intermembrane space Inner mitochondrial Electron transport system C Q NADH e- 2. Electrons provide energy to pump protons across the membrane. H+ 1. Electrons are harvested and carried to the transport system. e- Acetyl-CoA NADH e- H2O Krebs cycle e- 3. Oxygen joins with protons to form water. 1 FADH2 O2 2 O2 + 2H+ CO2 H+ ATP ATP H+ ATP 4. Protons diffuse back in down their concentration gradient, driving the synthesis of ATP. ATP synthase Mitochondrial matrix

~40 ATP Cellular respiration + + 2 ATP 2 ATP ~36 ATP

Summary of cellular respiration C6H12O6 6O2 6CO2 6H2O ~40 ATP  + Where did the glucose come from? Where did the O2 come from? Where did the CO2 come from? Where did the CO2 go? Where did the H2O come from? Where did the ATP come from? What else is produced that is not listed in this equation? Why do we breathe? Where did the glucose come from? from food eaten Where did the O2 come from? breathed in Where did the CO2 come from? oxidized carbons cleaved off of the sugars (Krebs Cycle) Where did the CO2 go? exhaled Where did the H2O come from? from O2 after it accepts electrons in ETC Where did the ATP come from? mostly from ETC What else is produced that is not listed in this equation? NAD, FAD, heat!

cytochrome c oxidase complex NAD+ Q C NADH H2O H+ e– 2H+ + O2 FADH2 1 2 NADH dehydrogenase cytochrome bc complex cytochrome c oxidase complex FAD Taking it beyond… What is the final electron acceptor in Electron Transport Chain? O2 So what happens if O2 unavailable? ETC backs up nothing to pull electrons down chain NADH & FADH2 can’t unload H ATP production ceases cells run out of energy and you die! What if you have a chemical that punches holes in the inner mitochondrial membrane?

Cyanide is in love with a protein called the cytochrome oxidase Cyanide is in love with a protein called the cytochrome oxidase. The cytochromes in the membrane of the mitochondria are involved in a process called oxidative phosphorylation. Oxidative phosphorylation is when the cell makes ATP energy for the cell. The cell needs proteins called cytochromes in order to complete the process of producing ATP by oxidative phosphorylation. So, in normal circumstances, ATP is produced by the mitochondria via oxidative phosphorylation. This requires oxygen. When the process is working, oxygen is reduced to water. When cyanide is present (remember that cytochrome oxidase and cyanide are in love with each other) the cyanide binds to the cytochrome oxidase and prevent oxygen from binding. Cyanide does not let go, therefore, oxygen cannot bind nor can it be reduced to water. Because of this, the mitochondria cannot make ATP. When a cell cannot make ATP, the cell dies. That is why it is toxic !

What’s the point? The point is to make ATP! ATP 2006-2007