Circuit QED Experiment

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Presentation transcript:

Circuit QED Experiment Peng Zhou Zi-Jin Lei 15-04-2016

Nature, Vol431, September2004, 162-167 15-04-2016

Methods and Difficulties: (Zi-Jin) Outline Motivation: (Peng) Why Circuit QED? What is strong coupling and how to testify? Methods and Difficulties: (Zi-Jin) Sample fabrication Measurement techniques Measurements and Results (Peng) Summary(both) 15-04-2016

Motivation Highly polarizable artificial atom  large dipole moment Comparison between dipole of SC and Ryderberg atom Small size of 1D cavity  large field strength Strong coupling limit 15-04-2016

Cooper Pair Box: Qubit Engineering Band Structure Artificial atom Qubit Hamiltonian in basis Two level system in basis Electrostatic energy in absence of Josephson tunneling |0 |−1 |1 Tunneling lifts the degeneracy Overall scale engineered during fabrication Further tuned in situ electrically fabrication In situ In situ fabrication 15-04-2016

Strip line resonator Operating Temperature: ~20mK 1D waveguide Superconducting, no dissipation Microwave (~6GHz) photon energy larger than thermal photon 1D waveguide Dissipation (maybe more properties to be added ) 15-04-2016

Zi-Jin: Methods and Difficulties Cavity and CPB fabrication Measurement techniques Dilution refrigerator Sub-in-situ amplifier at 1K Phase lock-in tech The realization of single photon 15-04-2016

How to fabricate a microwave cavity? Optical lithography Silicon Substrate, Niobium film cavity Quasi one dimensional coplanar cavity The shape is meandered To meet the requirements Si is transparent for microwave, low dissipation, Qint ~ 10 6 Size: d1 = μm, d2 = μm, Ersm = 0.2 V/m Z = 50 Ω, impendence match to Microwave Components Tc(Nb) = 9.26K, Tc (Al) = 1.20K, superconducting 15-04-2016

How to fabricate a microwave cavity? Cross section of transm. Line, TEM mode 15-04-2016

How to fabricate CPB Aluminum-oxidation-aluminum structure Coupling to cavity, connecting to ground Sub-micrometer size structure: Electron beam lithography EJ is controlled by the depth of oxidation layer Double angles deposition 15-04-2016

How to fabricate CPB Aluminum-oxidation-aluminum structure Coupling to cavity, connecting to ground Sub-micrometer size structure: Electron beam lithography EJ is controlled by the depth of oxidation layer Double angles deposition 15-04-2016

Measurement Technique Low temperature tech Sub-in-situ amplification Microwave technique Small signal analysis 15-04-2016

Dilution Refrigerator 15-04-2016

Dilution Refrigerator 15-04-2016

Dilution refrigerator 15-04-2016

RF amplifier at 1K No thermal excitation of electron-hole pairs Mature High Electron Mobility Transistor (HEMT) Low noise Luckily, you can buy it! Cross-sectional STEM image of the gate region in a 130-nm InP, from IEEE ELECTRON DEVICE LETTERS, VOL. 33, NO. 5, MAY 2012 15-04-2016

Phase lock-in tech the orthogonality of sine functions Collect out the signal even 1000 less than noise 15-04-2016

The realization of single photon To be added 15-04-2016

Dispersive Readout: Why Ng = 1? First order decoupled from 1/f noise Dispersive is the most sensitive (high SNR) 15-04-2016

1/f noise sensitivity To be added 15-04-2016

Transmission Power and Phase Spectrum Probe the resonator system spectroscopically Dispersive QND readout at e.g. Far-detuned qubit qubit and resonator are decoupled Question: why shift the experimental data by +- Vr? Is this QND measurement?  yes Why the peak is not at 6.044GHz. Does that mean the resonator resonance frequency is still shifted? 15-04-2016

Measurements of phase shift vs. 15-04-2016

Measurements of phase shift vs. 15-04-2016

Vacuum Rabi Mode Splitting Qubit at charge degeneracy Combined ground state Weak probe beam 𝑛=0.06 𝑛=0.5 Sensitive to photon number Evidence for strong coupling 15-04-2016

Weak Beak: Why and How? If n too large: maybe excite to large energy values If n too small: cannot distinguish from thermal noise. To be added: How? 15-04-2016

Vacuum Rabi Mode Splitting (cont'd) 15-04-2016

Summary In situ control of qubit parameter Transmission measurement QND readout is possible Strong coupling regime is achieved 15-04-2016

References [1] Wallraff, Andreas, et al. "Strong coupling of a single photon to a superconducting qubit using circuit quantum electrodynamics." Nature 431.7005 (2004): 162-167. 15-04-2016

Appendix: Dilution refrigerator 15-04-2016