A.K.A. The difference between moving and standing still.  Momentum  A.K.A. The difference between moving and standing still.

Momentum = Mass (kg) x Velocity (m/s) Momentum is “inertia in motion”. Definition Mathematical Momentum = Mass (kg) x Velocity (m/s) Or p=mv The units for momentum are kgm/s Verbal Momentum is “inertia in motion”. Remember Newton’s 1st law. It’s analogous to Inertia.

Momentum = mass x velocity Momentum is a true measure of how difficult it is to stop something. A charging hippo can do some damage, a hippo charging twice as fast can do twice the damage. Calculating momentum is easy, just find the mass and the velocity and multiply. p = mv Notice that mass and velocity both affect momentum equally.

Impulse – where momentum comes from! Only a force can “give” something momentum (or take it away). Lets say you are a member of a bobsled team. You push the sled to speed it up. The longer the you push the sled the greater the velocity and the greater the momentum you give it so time is also a factor. Or think about the airbags in your car. They give you more time to slow down so less force is applied to your body. So… a force applied for a certain time leads to a change in momentum. Δp = (Force) x (time) This is called an impulse (J) J = Favg ∆ t Impulse is a change in momentum (∆mV) ∆(mV) = Ft J = m∆V = Favg ∆ t The units for impulse are the same as momentum (kgm/s)

Constant Force IMPULSE Impulse J is a force F acting for a small time interval Dt. F Dt Impulse: J = Favg Dt

The unit for impulse is the kg m/s Example 1: The face of a golf club exerts an average force of 4000 N for 0.002 s. What is the impulse imparted to the ball? Dt F J = F Dt Impulse: J = (4000 N)(0.002 s) J = 8.00 kg m/s The unit for impulse is the kg m/s

Impulse from a Varying Force Normally, a force acting for a short interval is not constant. When force is not constant you need to look at a Force vs Time graph. Impulse is the area of a Force vs Time graph. This is similar to the area of a Force vs Position Graph

Example 2: Two flexible balls collide Example 2: Two flexible balls collide. The ball B exerts an average force of 1200 N on ball A. How long were the balls in contact if the impulse is 5 N s? B A Dt = 0.00420 s The impulse is negative; the force on ball A is to the left. Unless told otherwise, treat forces as average forces.

Impulse Changes Velocity Consider a mallet hitting a ball: F Impulse = Change in “mv”

Momentum Defined v = 16 m/s p = mv Momentum p is defined as the product of mass and velocity, mv. Units: kg m/s p = mv Momentum m = 1000 kg v = 16 m/s p = (1000 kg)(16 m/s) p = 16,000 kg m/s

Impulse = Change in momentum Impulse and Momentum Impulse = Change in momentum F Dt = mvf - mvo Dt F A force F acting on a ball for a time Dt increases its momentum mv. mv

Choose right as positive. Example 3: A 50-g golf ball leaves the face of the club at 20 m/s. If the club is in contact for 0.002 s, what average force acted on the ball? Given: m = 0.05 kg; vo = 0; Dt = 0.002 s; vf = 20 m/s Dt F mv + Choose right as positive. F Dt = mvf - mvo F (0.002 s) = (0.05 kg)(20 m/s) F = 500 N Average Force:

Vector Nature of Momentum Consider the change in momentum of a ball that is dropped onto a rigid plate: + vo vf A 2-kg ball strikes the plate with a speed of 20 m/s and rebounds with a speed of 15 m/s. What is the change in momentum? Dp = mvf - mvo = (2 kg)(15 m/s) - (2 kg)(-20 m/s) Dp = 30 kg m/s + 40 kg m/s Dp = 70 kg m/s

Directions Are Essential 1. Choose and label a positive direction. + vf v0 2. A velocity is positive when with this direction and negative when against it. Assume v0 is 30 m/s to the left and vf is 10 m/s to the right. What is the change in velocity Dv? vf = +10 m/s v0= -30 m/s vf – v0 = (10 m/s) – (-30 m/s)

Example 4: A 500-g baseball moves to the left at 20 m/s striking a bat Example 4: A 500-g baseball moves to the left at 20 m/s striking a bat. The bat is in contact with the ball for 0.002 s, and it leaves in the opposite direction at 40 m/s. What was average force on ball? + Dt F 40 m/s 20 m/s m = 0.5 kg + - F Dt = mvf - mvo vo = -20 m/s; vf = 40 m/s F(0.002 s) = (0.5 kg)(40 m/s) - (0.5 kg)(-20 m/s) Continued . . .

+ - Example Continued: m = 0.5 kg F 40 m/s 20 m/s Dt F Dt = mvf - mvo F(0.002 s) = (0.5 kg)(40 m/s) - (0.5 kg)(-20 m/s) F(0.002 s) = (20 kg m/s) + (10 kg m/s) F = 15,000 N F(0.002 s) = 30 kg m/s

Impulse = Change in momentum Summary of Formulas: Impulse J = FavgDt Momentum p = mv Impulse = Change in momentum F Dt = mvf - mvo

Impulse and Momentum