“FRCC RESTORATION PLAN (BLACKOUT & BLACK START)” - TRAINING - FRCC SYSTEM OPERATOR SEMINAR Spring 2006

Introduction / Purpose Definitions Roles and Responsibilities OBJECTIVES: Review the elements of the “FRCC Restoration Plan” Document Introduction / Purpose Definitions Roles and Responsibilities Blackout Restoration Priorities and General Procedures Black Start Restoration General Restoration Principles (Appendices)

INTRODUCTION / PURPOSE Plan is a Handbook Document Restoration Plan includes General Guidelines and Recommendations Impossible to predict all possible emergency scenarios and prescribe restoration actions. Intended to Coordinate with Individual Detailed BA / TOP / RC Restoration Plans NOT Intended to Replace Operator Judgment

INTRODUCTION / PURPOSE (cont) All restoration activities will be supervised by the FRCC Reliability Coordinator (RC) BAs and TOPs to coordinate all actions through RC including restoration of customer load Organized and Coordinated effort using sound restoration practices. Ensure the Fastest possible Restoration of Peninsular Florida

DEFINITIONS Blackout – A condition where a major portion, perhaps all, of the electrical utility system is de-energized with much of the system tied together through closed breakers. Black Start – Energizing portions of a blacked out region utilizing resources independent of an energized Interconnection.

DEFINITIONS Island – An isolated power system including generation and load, with no synchronized ties to the Interconnection.

Restoration Plan for off-site power to generating plants DEFINITIONS Restoration Plan for off-site power to generating plants Definition of an electrical path from a source in the energized system (or from a GT site in case of Blackstart) to the plant. This path should be cleared first and then energized to restore the off-site power. If possible, restore the de-energized system from the interconnected (energized) system since, in general, this can provide faster restoration than Blackstart.

DEFINITIONS Surge Impedance Loading – The Surge Impedance Loading is the MW loading required to cancel the capacitance effect on the line. (VARS IN = VARS OUT). Step-by-step ladder sequence – A controlled sectionalizing of the transmission grid and a sequential re-energization of the bulk stations starting from the energized system and moving through the blacked out area.

ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES (cont) FRCC Reliability Coordinator Establish and maintain communications with FRCC BAs and TOPs Use of FRCC Hotline and/or Conference calls Use of FTMS Messaging system Establish communications with NERC and other Reliability Coordinators to facilitate restoration Use of RCIS and/or NERC Hotline and conference calls Coordinator on FLA/Southern Interface impacts.

ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES (cont) FRCC Reliability Coordinator (cont) Determine the extent of the affected area and coordinate with affected BAs and TOPs to begin restoration Monitor restoration progress and coordinate any needed assistance Coordinate establishment of ties between entities Communicate with FRCC office for NERC / FERC / DOE reports.

ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES (cont) BA / TOP - System Operators Establish and maintain communications with other BAs and TOPs Implement Individual BA / TOP Restoration Plan Guide restoration of critical communications and computer links (ICCP links to other utilities)

ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES (cont) BA / TOP - Generation and Interchange Manage remaining resources to balance load and generation Coordinate with System Operator in restoration effort ** Assess Black Start Capabilities **

BLACKOUT RESTORATION (assumptions) One or more entity(s) of the FRCC has experienced a blackout or island condition Assume restoration from Interconnection BAs and TOPs will implement Individual Restoration Plans and coordinate with FRCC RC All generators, transmission elements, SCADA and communications are assumed available in restoration plan Cause of blackout not initially known - still out there

BLACKOUT RESTORATION - Priorities - Maintain or restore off-site power to Nukes Restore startup power to all available plants Units may have “caught auxiliaries” and can be re-synchronized to the grid. Must notify plant operators once start-up power is available to the plant - plant will determine when it is safe and ready to accept start-up power

BLACKOUT RESTORATION - Priorities (cont) - Restore from the Interconnection when possible In island condition, resynchronize to the Interconnections as soon as possible Energize major transmission circuits in an orderly step-by-step ladder sequence ** Build the transmission system first ** Monitor effects of every action on the system

BLACKOUT RESTORATION - Priorities (cont) - Monitor voltages at all busses to prevent over voltage conditions Monitor real and reactive power flows Monitor frequency and coordinate load pick-up Restore service to all customers

BLACKOUT RESTORATION - General Guidelines - Determine boundaries of the affected area and communicate to the FRCC RC. Whenever possible restore the de-energized system from the Interconnected system Energize system in a step-by-step ladder sequence

BLACKOUT RESTORATION - General Guidelines (cont) - Restoring startup power to generating units Can bypass bulk stations to speed up restoration except where required to control voltage or provide relay protection.

BLACKOUT RESTORATION - General Guidelines (cont) - ** Until station service is restored to a station, breakers can only be operated a few times before they lose their stored energy ** Use shunt-reactors to control voltage Open breakers on Capacitor banks during initial re-energization process. Avoid energizing high voltage cables on lightly loaded system - capacitive effect

BLACKOUT RESTORATION - General Procedure - PROCESS TO ENERGIZE EQUIPMENT Step 1: Decide on a portion of the system to energize Step 2: Isolate this portion of the system to energize Step 3: Verify all switching has been completed Step 4: Energize the specified portion of the system

BLACKOUT RESTORATION - General Procedure (cont) - PROCESS TO ENERGIZE EQUIPMENT (cont’d) Step 5: Monitor existing / newly energized system for out of limit voltage and loading conditions Step 6: If necessary, take corrective action to eliminate out of limit conditions

BLACK START (Assumptions) One or more BA(s) of the FRCC has experienced a blackout or island condition Assume CANNOT Restore from Interconnection or timing unknown Individual BA will implement its Restoration Plan using its available black start capability and coordinate with the FRCC RC All system elements again assumed available Cause of blackout still not known - still out there

BLACKSTART - Priorities - Start an island as close as possible to a Nuke Restore off-site power to Nukes Restore startup power to all available plants Synchronize to the interconnection as soon as possible Energize major transmission circuits CAUTION: The dispatcher must carefully watch generators and lines to avoid system separation or high/low voltage runaway during restoration. Restore service to all customers

BLACK START RESTORATION - General Guidelines - General BLACKOUT RESTORATION guidelines still apply in black start In black start island frequency should be maintained between 59.7 Hz to 60.5 Hz ( why ?) In re-energizing system limit frequency drop to 0.2 Hz on each load pick up step (approx. 5% of on line generation capacity) Tie generation areas together whenever possible. Increases load pick up ability. Consider cold load pick up takes 30 minutes to levelize Observe guidelines on voltage parameters

BLACK START RESTORATION - General Guidelines (cont) - Switch lines necessary to provide synchronization at a plant location to the interconnection or another island. Adjust frequency and voltage to allow synchronization of the island to the interconnection. Review and plan on synchronizing systems at FRCC autosynch locations.

BLACK START RESTORATION - General Procedure - In total blackout, affected utility may open all de-energized tie lines Start black start capable generation Energize transmission circuits with few substations to minimize load pick up Energize radial loads while maintaining ability to synchronize island to interconnection

GENERAL RESTORATION PRINCIPLES FRCC Restoration Plan Appendices App A – Voltage Parameters App B – Surge Impedance Loading App C – Restoration Events and Tips App D – Black Start Units App E – Auto Synchronization Locations

GENERAL RESTORATION PRINCIPLES (cont) App. A – Voltage Parameters Emergency Voltage Limits are +/- 10%

GENERAL RESTORATION PRINCIPLES (cont) App. B – Surge Impedance Loading As a guide to loading the system consider Surge Impedance Loading in order to control voltage.

GENERAL RESTORATION PRINCIPLES (cont) App. C –

GENERAL RESTORATION PRINCIPLES (cont) App. D – Black Start Units – Please see: FRCC Restoration Procedures Appendices D & E tab on FRCC ROG site for complete details….

GENERAL RESTORATION PRINCIPLES (cont) App GENERAL RESTORATION PRINCIPLES (cont) App. E – Auto Synchronization Locations – Please see: FRCC Restoration Procedures Appendices D & E tab on FRCC ROG site for complete details….

The “Big Picture” Maintain “Situational Awareness” Develop Restoration Plan and execute Plan Coordinate all actions with affected plant personnel and/or external utility operators “Who’s getting the Pizzas?” Proper use of guidelines and procedure verification will prevent repeated cascades or blackouts as restoration progresses…

QUESTIONS ….. ?