TOXIC CHEMICAL LEVEL MEASUREMENT IN A TANKER BY ULTRASONIC MEANS Project Title TOXIC CHEMICAL LEVEL MEASUREMENT IN A TANKER BY ULTRASONIC MEANS Under the Guidance of Submitted by

ABSTRACT This ultrasonic distance detector comprising AC power supply, ultrasonic module make use of a pair of matched ultrasonic piezo ceramic transducers operating at around 40 kHz each modulated by fixed length tone bursts being fed to the microcontroller. Ultrasonic receiver is used in getting reflected burst signals from the object ahead to calculate the distance by taking into consideration the velocity of sound by a program fed to the microcontroller to show the toxic chemical level in a tanker. Here microcontroller used is of 8051 family which is of 8bit. The distance is displayed at a LCD interfaced to the microcontroller.

PROJECT BLOCK DIAGRAM

HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS POWER SUPPLY BLOCK MICROCONTROLLER ULTRASONIC TRANSMITER & RECEIVER MODULE LCD DISPLAY LED 1N4007 RESISTOR CAPACITOR PUSH BUTTON

POWER SUPPLY Bridge rectifier 5v Regulator 230 V AC 50 Hz 5V DC Filter(470µf) 12V step down transformer

It is a smaller computer Has on-chip RAM, ROM, I/O ports... MICROCONTROLLER It is a smaller computer Has on-chip RAM, ROM, I/O ports... RAM ROM I/O Port Timer Serial COM Port Microcontroller CPU A single chip

INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF A MICRO CONTROLLER-AT89S52/51 CPU On-chip RAM On-chip ROM for program code 4 I/O Ports Timer 0 Serial Port OSC Interrupt Control External interrupts Timer 1 Timer/Counter Bus Control TxD RxD P0 P1 P2 P3 Address/Data Counter Inputs

Features of AT89S51/52 Compatible with MCS®-51 Products 8K Bytes of In-System Programmable (ISP) Flash Memory Endurance: 10,000 Write/Erase Cycles 4.0V to 5.5V Operating Range Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 33 MHz 256 x 8-bit Internal RAM 32 Programmable I/O Lines Three 16-bit Timer/Counters Eight Interrupt Sources Full Duplex UART Serial Channel Interrupt Recovery from Power-down Mode Watchdog Timer Dual Data Pointer

Pin Description

ULTRASONIC TRANSMITTER AND RECIVER Ultrasonic sensors (also known as transceivers) work on a principle similar to radar or sonar which evaluate attributes of a target by interpreting the echoes from radio or sound waves respectively. Ultrasonic sensors generate high frequency sound waves and evaluate the echo which is received back by the sensor.

Ultrasonic generators use piezoelectric materials such as zinc or lead zirconium tartrates or quartz crystal. The material thickness decides the resonant frequency when mounted and excited by electrodes attached on either side of it. The medical scanners used for abdomen or heart ultrasound are designed at 2.5 MHz. In this circuit, a 40 kHz transducer is used for object detection in the air medium. FEATURES Use for motion or distance sensing Frequency: 40kHz ±1.0kHz Aluminum case Capacitance: 2000Pf ±20% Transmitter: bandwidth 5.0kHz/100Db, sound pressure level 112Db/40 ±1.0kHz

LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY (LCD) Most common LCDs connected to the microcontrollers are 16x2 and 20x2 displays. This means 16 characters per line by 2 lines and 20 characters per line by 2 lines, respectively. The standard is referred to as HD44780U, which refers to the controller chip which receives data from an external source (and communicates directly with the LCD.

LCD BACKGROUND If an 8-bit data bus is used the LCD will require 11 data lines (3 control lines plus the 8 lines for the data bus) The three control lines are referred to as EN, RS, and RW EN=Enable (used to tell the LCD that you are sending it data) RS=Register Select (When RS is low (0), data is treated as a command) (When RS is High(1), data being sent is text data ) R/W=Read/Write (When RW is low (0), the data written to the LCD) (When RW is low (0), the data reading to the LCD)

WORKING OF PROJECT The project uses a pair of ultrasonic transducers comprising of 1 transmitter and 1 receiver. The transmitter can deliver 40 KHz ultrasonic sound while the maximum receiver is design to accept only 40KHz sound waves When ever an obstacle obstructs the signals of ultrasonic transmitter it reflects the signal towards the ultra sonic receiver The program is so written in MC to calculate the distance getting from ultrasonic module. The distance measurement which is seen on LCD displays the distance in cms

Software Requirements Keil an ARM Company makes C compilers, macro assemblers, real-time kernels, debuggers, simulators, integrated environments, evaluation boards, and emulators for ARM7/ARM9/Cortex-M3, XC16x/C16x/ST10, 251, and 8051 MCU families. Compilers are programs used to convert a High Level Language to object code. Desktop compilers produce an output object code for the underlying microprocessor, but not for other microprocessors.

i.e the programs written in one of the HLL like ‘C’ will compile the code to run on the system for a particular processor like x86 (underlying microprocessor in the computer). For example compilers for Dos platform is different from the Compilers for Unix platform  So if one wants to define a compiler then compiler is a program that translates source code into object code.

BIBILOGRAPHY “The 8051 Microcontroller and Embedded systems” by Muhammad Ali Mazidi and Janice Gillispie Mazidi , Pearson Education. ATMEL 89S52 Data Sheets. www.atmel.com www.beyondlogic.org www.wikipedia.org www.howstuffworks.com www.alldatasheets.com

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