Chapter 38 Goal 15

Election of 1960 Richard Nixon (Republicans) VP Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr John F. Kennedy (Democrats) VP Lyndon B. Johnson Role of Religion JFK a Catholic Role of TV debates JFK wins (close election) 5/13/2018

John F. Kennedy Youngest president ever ELECTED (43) “Ask not what your country can do for you but what you can do for your country” Youth of America Camelot Young Cabinet 5/13/2018

“New Frontier” Domestic Programs: Hard time because up against Republican and Southern Democrats Wanted many reforms, Medical care for aged, aid education, build up urban poor and Wanted to help economy with use of deficit spending (not passed) Did get passed: House Rules Committee expanded Tariff Reductions Increased defense spending Increased minimum wage (1.25 per hour) Extended Unemployment insurance. Foreign Policy: Peace Corps Alliance for Progress (focus on Latin America) 5/13/2018

Race to the Moon April 12, 1961 USSR cosmonaut (Yuri Gargrin) first human in space US sees this as a challenge and does same thing less than one month later (Alan B. Shepard) First man on the moon July 20, 1969 Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin 5/13/2018

Rumblings in Europe JFK and NK met 1961 1961 Berlin Wall construction begins “Iron Curtain” Symbol of Cold War Western Europe doing MUCH better, Thanks Marshall Plan! Trade Expansion Act 5/13/2018

Foreign Problems and Solutions Laos, 1954 Civil War, fear of communism Change to “Flexible Response” not “massive retaliation” Robert McNamara Problems with this: If we get in how do we get out? Green Berets 5/13/2018

More Vietnam Vietnam split along 17th parallel US backs the South (not democracy but not communist either) US sends military advisers (aka troops) to protect south from north US claims to want to stay out of “their war” By 1964, 15,000 advisors in Vietnam….. 5/13/2018

Bay of Pigs Invasion CIA trains Cuban exiles with goal of invading Cuba and getting people to rebel against Castro (March 1960) JFK only learns of plan 9 days after his election (he approves it to continue) April 17, 1961 (1300-1500 Cuban exiles land on Bay of Pigs After that nothing goes as planned (CIA reports success) Cuban troops were ready for the US attack 5/13/2018

Conclusion US was disgraced, looked like “fools” to the world JFK was blamed JFK negotiates with Castro for release of troops, pays ransom of $35 million in food and medical supplies US promises to return Aid from USSR to Cuba increases 5/13/2018

Cuban Missile Crisis October 1961 Aerial photos show that USSR was putting nuclear missiles in Cuba US does not like this, too close for comfort US chooses to impose a naval blockade NK says he will go past it 13 days of tension (very close to nuclear war!) Eventually NK backs down Deal: USSR removes missiles US agrees to remove missiles from Turkey and not invade Cuba Beginnings of detente 5/13/2018

Civil Rights Continues….stop JFK slow to move toward Civil Rights movement despite campaigning to do so Freedom Riders Voter Education Project James Meredith Birmingham Protest, 1963 “March on Washington” 5/13/2018

Death of Kennedy Nov 22, 1963 JFK was in Dallas, Texas for meeting with Democrat Party of Texas Riding in an open car in downtown Dallas, parade with Gov John Connally, his wife Nellie, and Jackie Kennedy Shot by Lee Harvey Oswald Nation Shocked! 5/13/2018

Reactions LBJ sworn in a president (Jackie was there) Nov 24, 1963, Oswald shot by Jack Ruby (on live tv) Not everyone believed gov’ts answer to JFK shooting Warren Commission Says Oswald acted alone 1979 Recommission says Oswald part of a greater conspiracy Grassy Knoll Cuba link Mafia link, etc 5/13/2018

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Lyndon Baines Johnson Signed Civil Rights Act started by JFK Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) “Great Society” War on Poverty 5/13/2018

Election of 1964 LBJ (Democrat) vs Barry Goldwater (Rep) Goldwater against Johnson’s programs, “extreme” conservative Aug 1964 Gulf of Tonkin Incident and Resolution Goldwater and Nukes LBJ wins! So do Democrats in Congress (yay for GS programs) 5/13/2018

Great Society War on Poverty increases Creation of DOT and HUD Robert C. Weaver Four Main areas of GS: Education Project Head Start Medical Care Medicare/Medicaid Immigration Reform Immigration and Nationality Act Voting Rights Voting Rights Act 1965 24th amendment 5/13/2018

More Civil Rights…. Freedom Summer (1964) June 1964, Civil Rights murders Selma, Alabama voter drive Leads to passage of Voting Rights Act 5/13/2018

Black Power! Frustration with progress of non-violence, too slow! Watts Riots (1965) Malcolm X Nation Islam Elijah Muhammad Death of Malcolm X (1965) Black Panthers Stokely Carmichael (SNCC) and Black Power Detroit Riots 5/13/2018

Death of MLK April 1968, Memphis TN (Lorraine Motel) In town support striking sanitation workers Shot while standing on balcony of hotel by James Earl Ray News of death led to widespread riots Ray was captured at London’s Heathrow airport in June 1968 Ray takes a guilty plea and receives a 99 year prison term Escapes prison (along with 7 others) in June 1977, captured 3 days later Later claims he did not shoot King, asks for a retrial which was supported by King family. Ray died in prison in 1998 of complications related to kidney disease Allegations of a wider conspiracy, supported by King family 5/13/2018

The Vietnam War (in simple terms and lots of slides) US involvement in Vietnam begins in 1950 during the French Indochina War (France’s attempt to reestablish its rule in Vietnam after WWII) US provides France with massive economic assistance, US trying to fight communism 5/13/2018

French Rule in Vietnam Late 1800s-WWII France rules most of Indochina (Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia) French colonists have rice and rubber plantations Mistreat locals, locals don’t like it, many flee to China over the years where they form Indochinese Communist Party led by Ho Chi Minh (1924) 1940, Japan takes control of Vietnam 1941 Ho Chi Minh forms Vietminh, group whose goal it was to win the Vietnamese independence (US gives them aid), thought that had happened at end of WWII with defeat of Japan, declare Hanoi capital of Vietnam but…. France comes back at end of 1945, by 1950 US sending money to help France…. 1954 Eisenhower, uses the “Domino Theory” to support US intervention May 1954, France surrenders when Vietminh beat French troops at Dien Bien Phu Split at 17th parallel, North Communist, South non-communist Capital of North Hanoi, South is Saigon Election to reunify country was to take place 1956 5/13/2018

Vietnam… Election of 1956, never take place, Ngo Dinh Diem (southern leader) refuses to participate, US okay with this b/c afraid Ho Chi Minh would win. US supports NDD but he sets up a very corrupt gov’t, but it is not communist so US says OK! Ex. NDD (Catholic) restricts practice of Buddhism, religion of most of the people 1957 Communist group in the South, Vietcong, begin attacking NDD’s gov’t and kill many gov’t officials. (later group changes name to National Liberation Front) VC supported by Ho Chi Minh, 1959 begins supply weapons to VC using network of paths along borders of Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia, called Ho Chi Minh Trail South Vietnam very unstable! 1961, Kennedy begins sending in the military “advisors” NDD’s gov’t gets worse on people ,protests are launced, burning of buddhist monks Nov 1, 1963 US supported military coup gets rid of Diem, he is assassinated 5/13/2018

Vietnam….. August 2, 1964 North Vietnamese patrol boat fires torpedo at American destroyer USS Maddox in the Gulf of Tonkin, torpedo missed Happens again two days later (conflicting reports) Based on this incident LBJ gets congress to pass Tonkin Gulf Resolution (Aug 7), allows “all necessary measures to repel any armed attack against the forces of the US and to prevent further aggression” (Blank Check), Not declaration of War. Occurs during election of 1964 Feb 1965, Operation Rolling Thunder begins, first sustained bombing of North Vietnam By June 1965 50,000 US soldiers in Vietnam fighting the VC 5/13/2018

Vietnam Even after Tonkin passed, LBJ still not that keen on sending in ground troops by March 1965 LBJ sends in tens of thousands of US troops to Vietnam Heavily advised by Robert McNamara (Sec of Def) and Dean Rusk (Sec of State) Some Americans saw this as contradictory to his 1964 campaign but MOST approved of this as a “tough stand on communism” approval rating for LBJ and Congress good. 61% support war Always those that disagree 5/13/2018

Vietnam End of 1965, 180,000 troops in Vietnam US commander in SV, Gen William Westmoreland, keeps asking for more troops, says SV army (Army of the Republic of Vietnam, ARVN) not ready and not that good. For early years of War, LBJ complies with requests of WW by 1967, 500,000 troops in Vietnam 5/13/2018

Fighting the War VC use guerilla warfare, advantage of fighting in their own country, war soon reaches a long stalemate Able to move in and out of population without notice (can’t tell enemy from friend) Use women and children as weapons and traps Build elaborate underground tunnel system, can disappear quickly and immune to airstrikes Many booby traps and land mines Vietnam weather also not a big help to US troops Part of US strategy was to keep VC from winning over the respect of South Vietnamese people (give them no place to hide) Try to get rid of jungle to expose tunnels and hideouts, US plans drop NAPALM (gasoline based bomb that sets fire to the jungle) and AGENT ORANGE (leaf-killing toxic chemical), ruins many innocent villages and countryside for years, also later blamed for cancer Large # of refugees from South Vietnam As war continues morale of troops decreases, don’t understand point of war, turn to other “methods” to relieve the stress and deal with horrors of war South Vietnamese government a complete mess and does not help US efforts. 5/13/2018

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War at Home As war gets more costly and more soldiers leave, US economy suffers. Inflation rate triples 1967 LBJ asks Congress for tax increase to fund war and control inflation, Congress agrees but funding for GS programs have to be cut also “Living-Room war” first time news media embedded with troops, Americans saw “real war” up close, visions of soldiers returning home in body bags effected Americans view on the war 16,000 troops die (1961-1967) Americans say that government says we are winning but how can this be so? Creditability gap 5/13/2018

War at Home Most soldiers that fought in war did so because of draft (selective service act) ages 18-26 eligible, some tried to avoid draft War of the poor African Americans in Vietnam (why fight when discriminated at home?) 5/13/2018

Opposition Growing dislike for war starts with young people, “New Left”, different than what they called “old left” of the 1930s, don’t want socialism, just want change Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) founded in 1960 by Tom Hayden and Al Haber. Said that big business had taken over government and America, wanted “real democracy” to be restored and more individual freedom 1964, Free Speech Movement (FSM) came out of UC Berkeley, result of disagreement b/w students and staff over free speech on campus. Let by Mario Savio These groups and similar ones spread across college campuses real movement for change, it was possible, actively involved. 5/13/2018

The Counter culture “hippies” Spawns out of disagreement about the war Baby Boomers are now college age “Don’t Trust Anyone Over 30” Music, Styles, and Drugs Sexual Revolution and Birth Control 5/13/2018

Hippies “Tune In, Turn On, Drop Out” Haight-Ashbury, San Francisco Timothy Leary and LSD A drug culture emerged. Smoking "grass" turned into dropping LSD. The dirty underworld of drug dealers and drug addicts emerged. Haight-Ashbury, San Francisco Decline of the Movement with Violence Manson Murders Drug Deaths Hendrix and Joplin 1970 5/13/2018

Details, Details, Details The roots of the counterculture went back to the "beatniks" of the 1950's. Poet Allen Ginsburg and writer Jack Kerouac's book On the Road were the prelude for the hippie generation. Movies hinted at a frustrated youth too, like The Wild One with Marlon Brando and Rebel Without a Cause with James Dean. One of the first big protests took place at Univ. of California at Berkeley in 1964 called the "Free Speech Movement." This protest was rather clean-cut, later ones would be "far out" with psychedelic drugs, "acid rock", and the call to "tune in and drop out" of school. A "sexual revolution" took place in the 1960's. The birth-control pill reduced pregnancies and made sex seem more casual. Feminists like the pill for freeing women from being pregnant all the time. Gays called for acceptance. When some gay men in New York were attacked, the movement had some fuel. Later, in the 1980's AIDS popped up, mostly within the gay male community. This set back the gay movement. The older and more traditional generations were appalled at these goings-on. They'd grown up through the Great Depression and WWII, were thankful for what they had, and understood sacrifice. To traditionalists, the counterculture generation was little more than spoiled baby boomers. They had too much time in college to study mush-mush ideas and too much money in their pockets to fool around with. 5/13/2018

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Protests April 1965, SDS organizes march on Washington, DC, 20,000 go Nov 1965 do it again, 30,000 go Feb 1966, LBJ says draft deferments of college students only occur if grades are good, leads to massive protests Music of 1960’s reflects these believes and changes Protest leads to resistance, burning of draft cards, etc. President Nixon phases out the draft in the 1970s Doves: those who strongly opposed the war and believed US should leave Hawks: those who said we should up the ante and do all it take to win LBJ says let’s up the ante, escalation! 5/13/2018

TET OFFENSIVE Jan 30, 1968 (Vietnamese New Year “Tet”) Truce was called for war to allow for celebrations at the same time many war funerals took place (many coffins in the villages) VC used this a plan to launch a surprise attack, hid weapons in the coffins, on Jan 30 attacked over 100 town in South Vietnam and 12 US air bases, and US embassy in Saigon “Tet Offensive” lasts for one month before US can regain control of areas On the whole US came out better, VC lost 32,000 soldiers, US lost about 3000 Tet shocks Americans who felt they had been led to believe that US was on top of things and war just about over, see that this will be a Lonngggg war, widens creditability gap McNamara resigns, is replaced by Clark Clifford LBJ’s popularity plummets, 60% disapprove of how he is dealing with the war 5/13/2018

Election of 1968 (even more slides) Long before Tet Offensive movement had started within Democrat party had started to develop a candidate against LBJ for 1968 election (anti-war group) Many wanted RFK, but says no due to party loyalty Eugene McCarthy (Sen. from Minn) puts hat in the ring, platform is to end Vietnam War (Nov 1967) Little movement at first but helped by Tet Offensive, gets 42% of vote in NH primary, LBJ gets 48% seen as defeat for LBJ RFK then decides to run against LBJ (says public not for him) (March 1968) March 1968 LBJ announces plan change in Vietnam, work to end war but continue escalation until then also says he will not seek reelection! Later says that he hated the war because it took away from what he wanted to do, The Great Society Goes back to Texas (dies 1973) 5/13/2018

Election of 1968 RFK assassinated in CA on June 5, 1968, had won CA primary, was in town giving speech, leaving hotel shot in kitchen by Sirhan Sirhan (Palestinian immigrant) did so because hated RFK’s policy on Israel After LBJ says he wont run, his VP Hubert Humphrey decides to run. Democrats= McCarthy and Humphrey Have nomination convention in Chicago in August 1968 (reality was that Humphrey was going to get it, no real voting would occur) Really makes many anti-war activists mad!, Led by SDS (Tom Hayden) nearly 10,000 protestors also show up in Chicago, want Democrat to accept anti-war platform AND some were there to cause problems for Democrat party The group Students for a Democratic Society had stood against poverty and war. By this time, they'd started a secret group called the "Weathermen" which was essentially an underground terrorist group. They started riots in the name of fighting poverty and war. Richard Daley (mayor of Chicago) wants to keep peace at all costs, calls in National Guard (12,000) and 5,000 police, gets out of hand, protestors are beaten, maced, arrested, etc. ALL with cameras rolling Complete disorder occurs inside and outside convention 5/13/2018

Election of 1968 Republicans: Richard Nixon Democrats: Hubert Humphrey American Independent: George Wallace (former gov of Alabama, states rights, no desegregation) Nixon wins! 5/13/2018