Unit 5: Heredity

Genetics physical Eye color, nose shape, and many other ___________ features are some of the traits that are ___________ from parents. An organism is a ___________ of traits, all inherited from its __________ ___________-is the passing of ________ from parent to offspring _________- different ________ of a trait that a _______ may have inherited collection parents Heredity traits Alleles forms gene

Genetics chromosomes meiosis When a pair of ______________ separates during ________ alleles for each trait also separate into __________ sex cells Every ______ cell has ______ allele for each trait ___________ inherit one allele for a trait from each parent ___________- the _______ of how traits are ___________ through the interactions of ________ different sex one Offspring Genetics study inherited alleles

Genetics pea Experiments with ______ plants helped scientists understand ________ traits _________ _______ was an Australian monk who had an interest in ________ from an early age Mendel spent years carefully using the ________ ________ and discovered how ________ pass from one ___________ to the next Mendel was the first to use the mathematics of ____________ to explain __________ human Gregor Mendel plants Scientific method traits generation probability heredity

Wildcats Share Before Mendel scientists studying genetics often studied many traits at one time. Mendel was the first to trace one trait through several generations. Why do you think Mendel was more successful in making discoveries using the scientific method?

Genetics trait Each time Mendel studied a ________, he crossed two plants with _________ expressions of the trait and found that new plants looked like ______ of the parents _________- offspring that received __________ genetic information, or ________ from each parent An organism that always ___________ the same traits generation after ____________ is called a __________ different one Hybrid different alleles produces generation purebred

Genetics Cross-pollination In Mendel’s experiment he used a process called _____________ to pollinate, by hand, purebred ______ plants with purebred ________ plants This pollination resulted in _______ that produced _____ plants ___________- a factor that covers up, or ___________, another form of that trait __________- a trait that is covered up, or dominated, by another form of that _______ and seems to __________ tall short seeds tall Dominant dominates Recessive trait disappear

Wildcats Share Refer back to the activity traits activity we worked on in class. Looking at the percentages calculated, predict if the following traits are dominant or recessive. Trait Prediction Answer Dimples Rolling tongue Thumbs crossed right over left Earlobes attached Cleft Chin Dominant Dominant Recessive Recessive Dominant

Genetics Probability ____________ is a branch or mathematics that helps you _________ the chance that something will _________ If you flip a coin the probability the ______ lands on the side you want is ___ out of ____ One thing that made Mendel’s ____________ accurate was that he worked with _______ numbers of plants Mendel studied almost ________ pea plants over ___ years This ___________ Mendel’s chances of seeing ____________ patterns predict happen coin 1 2 predictions large 8 30,000 increased repeatable

Genetics Punnett square probability ________ _______- a tool to predict the ____________ of a certain trait in offspring that shows __________ ways alleles can combine Uppercase letters represent __________ alleles, and lowercase __________ ___________- _________ makeup of an organism ___________- outward physical ____________ and behavior of an organism as a result of its ___________ different dominant recessive Genotype genetic Phenotype appearance genotype

Genetics Most cells in your body have _____ alleles for every trait two Most cells in your body have _____ alleles for every trait ____________- an organism with ______ alleles that are the ______ Example: ______________- an organism that has two _________ alleles for a trait Homozygous two same TT for tall plant, tt for short plant Heterozygous different Tt hybrid plants Mendel created

Genetics Punnett square When creating a _________ ________ the two alleles from one parent are written along the _______, one letter per square, and the two alleles from the other parent are written on the ______ Each square of the grid is filled in with one _______ donated by each ________ The letters that you use to fill in each of the __________ represent the ___________ of possible offspring that the parents could produce top side allele parent squares genotypes

Genetics Mendel developed the following principles through his research even though he didn’t know anything about _______, genes, or ______________ Traits are ___________ by ________ on chromosomes An allele’s effect is ___________ or ___________ When a pair of ______________ separates during _________ the different alleles for a trait move into __________ sex cells DNA chromosomes controlled alleles dominant recessive chromosomes meiosis separate

Genetics Since Mendel Mendel’s work was later re-tested and is was discovered that not all ________ of all organisms display ___________ dominance and recession One scientist found when he crossed ______ flowers with _______ flowers he got _______ flowers ____________ ___________- production of a phenotype that is _____________ between the two _____________ parents alleles complete red white pink Incomplete dominance intermediate homozygous

Genetics Since Mendel Mendel didn’t discover incomplete dominance because he studied traits that were controlled by ______ alleles A trait is controlled by __________ alleles if there are more than ______ alleles that control the trait. Traits controlled by multiple alleles result in more than _______ phenotypes of that trait. _______ type in humans is an example of __________ alleles that produce _______ phenotypes two multiple two three multiple Blood four

Genetics Since Mendel A B O The allele for blood type are called _____, ____, and ____. Where ____ is recessive to _____ and ____ When a person inherits one ____ allele and one ____ allele, both are expressed and the phenotype is ______ A person with ___________ A has a genotype of _____ or _____ A person with ___________ B has a genotype of _____ or _____ A person with phenotype ____ has a genotype of ______ O A B A B AB phenotype AA AO phenotype BB BO O OO

Genetics Since Mendel Polygenic inheritance group _________ __________- occurs when a _______ of gene pairs acts together to produce a trait Ex: The effects of many _______ produce a wide variety of ____________ _______________ also plays an important role in the ___________ of these traits Other traits controlled by phylogenic inheritance are: Height and the color of your eyes, skin, and hair alleles phenotypes Environment expression Grain color in wheat and milk and egg production in cows and chickens

Genetics Since Mendel Genetic disorders recessive Many human _________ ________ are caused by __________ genes Such genetic disorders occur when both parents have a recessive ______ responsive for the __________ Because the parents are ______________ they don’t show any __________ of the disorder If the __________ inherits two recessive alleles it will be _____________ and have symptoms of the genetic disorder allele disorder heterozygous symptoms offspring homozygous

Genetics Since Mendel What determines the sex of an individual? Scientist studied this question using ______ _____ They identified ______ pair of ______________ that determine the sex of organisms A pair of ______ is labeled female and a _____ male Each ______ produced by a female normally contains one ____ chromosome Males produce sperm that normally have either an ____ or ____ chromosome Fruit flies one chromosomes XX XY egg X X Y

Genetics Since Mendel inherited X Y Some __________ conditions are linked with the ____ and ____ chromosomes ______________ _____- an allele inherited on a ______ chromosome Ex: More common in males that females because males only have one X chromosome, which this condition is associated with, females have two X chromosomes, which means both must carry the allele for a female to be color blind Sex-linked gene sex Color blindness

Wildcats share https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BD6h-wDj7bw While watching the video find answers to the following questions, we will have a discussion after the video Why must one X chromosome be inactivated in females? What are differences between the active and inactive X chromosomes? Does the same X chromosome always win? What give calico cats their different colors?

Genetics Since Mendel pedigree trait A __________ is a visual tool for following a _______ through generations of a family A ____________ filled shape shows that a trait is ______ in that person ______________ shaped indicate carriers ________ shapes represent organisms that do not have a ______ and are not __________ completely seen Half-colored Empty trait carriers

Genetics Since Mendel Pedigrees are useful tools for _____________ geneticists Pedigrees are useful tools for _____________ Geneticists can determine if a trait is ___________, dominant, ____________, or has come other pattern of inheritance They can also predict the ____________ a baby will have specific trait ___________ are also important in __________ plants or animals recessive Sex-linked probability Pedigrees breeding

Genetics Since Mendel yield Pedigrees are used to increase ________ and nutritional content of ___________ and plant crops Also used by __________ of show animals, like dogs, to breed for possible desirable ____________ traits Issues concerning __________ are also considered when _____________ pedigrees livestock breeders physical health researching

Advances in Genetics gene common The term _______ has become a _____________ word in our society The principles of _____________ are being used to ________ the world _________ __________- scientists experimenting with ___________ and chemical methods to change the ______________ of a gene’s DNA to improve _______ production, produce large volumes of __________, and change how cells perform their normal functions. hereditary change Genetic engineering biological arrangement crop medicine

Advances in Genetics genetic recombinant Making _____________ DNA is one method of _________ engineering This _______ is made by __________ a useful segment of DNA from one ___________ into a ___________ This method can be used to make ________ to treat Type I diabetes, and chemical to treat __________ and other diseases DNA inserting organism bacterium insulin cancer

Advances in Genetics Gene therapy _______ _________ is another kind of genetic engineering This process involved a _________ allele being placed in a _______ The virus then delivers the ________ when it infects its _________ cell The __________ allele then replaces the __________ one Research is being done using this method to treat _______ ________, some kinds of _________, and other __________ disorders normal virus allele target normal defective Cystic fibrosis cancer genetic

Advances in Genetics selective For thousands of years people have used __________ breeding to improve the plants they use for _______ and clothing _________ __________ along with selective breeding are being used to make ______________ to food Genes from a plant that produce a _________ trait can now be inserted into a __________ plant Developments are still being made in this field and __________ is still being done to determine the __________ food Genetic engineering improvements desired different research impacts