Europeanization of Specific Policy Areas (Justice and Home Affairs, Foreign and Security Policy) 1- Introduction ii-. Part ONE : foreign and security policy. Iii- Part TWO : Justice and home affairs Iv- COnclusion

Part one: Foreign and security policy 1- EU external policy EU as a civilian power. After the Cold War, debates about the creation of a common foreign policy. Maastricht Treaty (1992): three pillars including the Common Foreign and Security Policy. Two separate institutional processes: The Common Foreign and Security Policy, which includes a Common Security and Defence policy » Intergovernmental. External policies in areas such as trade, foreign aid, and EU enlargement » Supranational. Lisbon Treaty (2009): aimed at improving the coherence and effectiveness of EU external policies.

Ii- EU Common Foreign and Security Policy A- Objectives of the CFSP: To preserve peace and strengthen international security; To promote international cooperation; To develop and consolidate democracy, the rule of law, and the respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms. Priority given to diplomacy and cooperation: establishement of partnerships, European Neighbouring Policy, support for countries facing conflicts and crisis.

B- Institutions and actors: The European Council: defines the priorities » decision made on the basis of consensus. The Council of Ministers: adopts CFSP decisions » decision made on the basis of unanimity. The Foreign Affairs Council chaired by the High Representative: responsible for managing, implementing, and representing CFSP decisions. The Political and Security Committee: monitors and assesses international affairs relevant to CFSP. The European External Action Service: supports the work of the High Representative, and promotes europe’s values and interests through delegations all around the world.

C- Legal instruments: Principles and guidelines: provide the general political directions. Common strategies: set out the objectives and the means to achieve them. Joint Actions: address specific situations. It often consists in launching or extending an out-of-area civilian or military operation under the cover of the CFSP. Common positions: define a collectively agreed diplomatic approach to a particular matter, region or country.

D- on the ground: the means to intervene: No standing army. Ad hoc forces contributed by the EU countries. Peacekeeping missions: monitoring, humanitarian aid, military assistance, preventing conflicts or post-conflict stabilization. Deployment decisions are taken by national ministers at the Council of the EU.

3- Assessment: a- positive evaluation: The CFSP enables the EU to speak and act in world affairs with a greater influence. Establishment of institutional structures and instruments. The member states have integrated their foreign policies to a great degree on many issues. Success of many civilan missions and capabilities.

B- Weaknesses: Challenge of forming and maintaining a consensus among the members. Lack of clearly defined lines and strategic approaches. The High Representative can encourage consensus, but cannot force it. Common policy doesn’t mean single policy: EU member will continue to have their own national foreign policies. NATO remains the dominant institutional foundation for security affairs. The efforts to increase the military capabilities have met with limited success.

Part two: Justice and home affairs 1- EU external policy Justice and Home Affairs is the third pillar Combating crime Cooperation between police forces, Europol Cooperation between judicial authorities, Eurojust Approximation of rules on criminal matters Police and judicial cooperation in criminal matters (PJCC) Borders and security Intergovernmental cooperation method/ Supranational cooperation

I- EU Justice and home affairs A- Objectives of : JHA Provide citizens with a high level of safety within an area of freedom, security and justice. Ensure citizens access to the local justice system and respect for citizens fundamental rights  Guaranteeing fundamental rights Cooperation between judicial authorities Asylum and immigration EU security strategy- fight against terrorism and organized crime, cybercrime, and violent radicalization

B- Institutions and actors: Supranational cooperation The European Union’s Judicial Cooperation Unit (Eurojust) promotes cooperation between judicial authorities The European Judicial Network (EJN) promotes judicial cooperation in criminal matters    The European Police Office (Europol) improve cooperation between national police forces

Asylum and immigration Common European Asylum System Standards for receiving asylum applicants, the status of people granted asylum and the role of national authorities in meeting these responsibilities. Dublin Regulation protection of asylum seekers during the process  The EU has been working to create a Common European Asylum System (CEAS) and improve the current legislative framework.

EU security strategy The EU's internal security strategy sets out to improve internal security through cooperation on law enforcement, border management, civil protection and disaster management. Several new and complex security threats, highlight the need for further synergies and closer cooperation at all levels Threats are more varied and more international, as well as increasingly cross-border and cross-sectorial in nature.

3- Assessment: a- positive evaluation: Increased Supranational cooperation, cooperation between judicial authorities- when it comes to institutions like Europol Free movement of European Citizens within the EU, citizens have a right to live in any EU country.  Better access to the local justice system wherever citizens are in the EU

B- Weaknesses: Lack of a stable immigration policy Migration: Asylum flows are not constant, and they are NOT evenly distributed across the EU Failure in combating international fraud, and in judicial cooperation in civil matters.

references: The Maastricht and Amsterdam treaties: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/ftu/pdf/en/FTU_1.1.3.pdf EU website: http://europa.eu/pol/cfsp/index_en.htm The European Union: Foreign and Security Policy, Derek E. Mix (analyst in European Affairs), 2013, Congressional Research Service. Delegation of the EU to the US website: http://www.euintheus.org/what-we-do/policy-areas/foreign-affairs-and- defense/common-foreign-and-security-policy/ “European Common Foreign and Security Policy”, José Noronha Rodrigues, 2012, International Journal of Juridical Sciences. Eurojust website: http://www.eurojust.europa.eu/Pages/home.aspx