What almost always happens to quantity demanded as price drops? it goes up

What impact does increasing income have on demand? it increases purchasing power which increases demand

What are two other factors that greatly impact overall demand? market size (population), tastes and preferences, prices of related goods, consumer expectations

What is the substitution effect? consumers will purchase a lower price substitute if its effective

diminishing marginal return What is the name for reduced satisfaction achieved from continued consumption of a particular good? diminishing marginal return

What does elasticity of demand measure? the impact on demand of a price change in a particular good

If demand for a good changes little with changes in price then demand is elastic or inelastic?

What are three key factors that affect elasticity? availability of substitutes, relative importance, need or want, how quickly price changes over time

What does a supply schedule measure? the amount supplied at a given price

If producers are willing to produce a much larger quantity with a small increase in price supply is considered elastic or inelastic? elastic

What are two factors that cause shifts in supply? price of resources, technology, competition, price of related goods, government activity

increasing marginal returns What is a firm experiencing if it becomes more productive (and efficient) by adding workers? increasing marginal returns

What are fixed production costs? Variable productions costs? costs that don’t change with quantity produced (factory, equipment, office rental); variable costs change with quantity (workers, supplies, etc.)

What is the amount of additional cost required to produce one more unit? marginal cost

What is the amount of additional revenue gained by producing one more unit? marginal revenue

What will suppliers do when there is excess demand? Excess supply? Raise their price to match equilibrium Lower their price to match equilibrium

What is it called when a few major firms dominate a particular market? an oligopoly

What is it called when an oligopoly colludes to set prices & ruin competition? a cartel

price discrimination kids stay free, discount for early purchase, etc. What is it called when a monopolist charges different prices to different consumers? Examples? price discrimination kids stay free, discount for early purchase, etc.

What is a “price war”? when members of an oligopoly stop colluding and try to undersell each other with increasingly lower prices

Where is market equilibrium? where the demand curve hits the supply curve

What is a shortage? a surplus? a shortfall in the amount supplied, an excess of the amount supplied

What are two conditions that must be present for a monopoly to exist? single seller, no substitutes, difficult market entry

Name two different types of monopoly? natural, geographic, technological, and government

What type of monopoly occurs when competition would drive prices below per unit production costs? Natural monopoly

Identify two factors that place price pressure on monopolies. consumer demand, potential competition, & gov’t regulation

What system is used by consumers and producers to communicate? the price system

What are two advantages of the price system? flexibility, efficiency, choice, incentives

What are two limitations of the price system? can’t include externalities, hard to price public goods, general instability

rationing, World War II & Energy Crisis What is the name for officially limiting the supply of a particular good? When has this happened in United States history? rationing, World War II & Energy Crisis

What are two of the major criticisms of rationing? unfair, too expensive, creates black markets

Does deregulation increase or decrease government control of business?

How does deregulation effect companies? It decreases the amount of government restrictions on the business.

Selling a product below cost to drive competitors out of the market is: Predatory Pricing

What are four Conditions of Monopolistic Competition? Many firms, few artificial barriers to entry, slight control over price, differentiated products

What is the name for a situation in which many buyers and sellers compete under the laws of supply and demand? perfect competition

What is the opposite of perfect competition? monopolistic competition

What is product differentiation? monopolies using small differences and marketing campaigns to set their products apart

non-price competition What is the name for the practice of competition based on brand identity rather than price? non-price competition

Give an example of economies of scale. Hydroelectric plant and telephone service- high start up cost, cost per unit decreases as output rises.

Give an example of a price ceiling and a price floor. ceiling: rent & war rationing; floor: subsidies, crop prices, min. wage

black markets, create shortages (e.g. rent control - housing) Give two examples of how price controls can have negative side effects. black markets, create shortages (e.g. rent control - housing)

What is the primary purpose of anti-trust legislation? eliminate imperfect competition

What is the name for a group of businesses that share a name and product line but are individually owned? franchises