Human Body Systems Interactions Test Review

1. List the levels of organization starting with the basic unit of life. Create an example using the human body. Cells Tissues Organs Organ Systems Organisms

2. Define homeostasis. List three ways your body maintains homeostasis. The ability of an organism to maintain a stable, internal environment.

3. Define positive feedback and give an example 3. Define positive feedback and give an example. Define negative feedback and give an example. Negative Feedback Positive Feedback Feedback that increases output of a system Ex. Ethylene gas and fruit ripening. Feedback that reduces the output of a system. Ex. Blood Sugar

4. Explain the functions of the circulatory system, digestive system, and respiratory system. Circulatory – responsible for transporting materials throughout the entire body. It transports nutrients, water, and oxygen to your billions of body cells . Digestive – consists of organs that break down food into components that your body uses for energy and for building and repairing cells and tissues. Respiratory - to supply the blood with oxygen in order for the blood to deliver oxygen to all parts of the body.

5. Explain the functions of the endocrine system, excretory system, and nervous system. Endocrine – the system of glands, each of which secretes a type of hormone directly into the bloodstream to regulate the body. Excretory – The process of excretion involves finding and removing waste materials produced by the body. Nervous - contains a network of specialized cells called neurons that coordinate the actions of an animal and transmit signals between different parts of its body.

6. Explain the functions of the muscular system, skeletal system, and integumentary system. Muscular – made up of skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscles. It permits movement of the body, maintains posture, and circulates blood throughout the body. Skeletal – all of the bones in the body and the tissues such as tendons, ligaments and cartilage that connect them. The main job of the skeleton is to provide support for our body Integumentary - protects the body from damage, comprising the skin and its appendages (including hair, scales, feathers, hoofs, and nails). The integumentary system has a variety of functions; waterproofing, cushioning, and protecting the deeper tissues, excrete wastes, and regulate temperature.

7. Explain the functions of the immune system, lymphatic system, and reproductive system Immune – It is designed to defend you against millions of bacteria, microbes, viruses, toxins and parasites that would love to invade your body. Lymphatic – composed of lymph vessels, lymph nodes, and organs. The functions of this system include the absorption of excess fluid and its return to the blood stream, absorption of fat and assisting the immune system. Reproductive – new individuals are produced by the fusion of haploid gametes to form a diploid zygote. Sperm are male gametes, ova are female gametes.

8. Explain respiration (what occurs?). Respiration – when you inhale, the diaphragm contracts and air is forced into your lungs. Oxygen then diffuses into the blood stream while CO2 diffuses back into the lungs. When the diaphragm relaxes, you exhale CO2 out.

9. Explain what two systems work in getting the necessary nutrients to the cells around your body. Circulatory – transporting nutrients from digestion and oxygen throughout the body to maintain homeostasis. Digestion – breaking down food into it’s simplest form so that it can be absorbed into the body

This is a Feedback Mechanism designed to maintain homeostasis. 10. Explain how sweating helps to maintain body temperature. What systems are involved? Make sure you have used the word “feedback” in your answer. When your body temperature goes up, your body sweats to cool you off. When your body is cold, you shiver to keep yourself warm. This is a Feedback Mechanism designed to maintain homeostasis.

11. Maintaining homeostasis in your body is made possible through coordination of all your body systems. What two body systems are mainly responsible for this coordination? Nervous System Endocrine System

12. Explain two differences between the nervous and the endocrine system. How do they communicate to the body?

13. Be able to interpret the graph below 13. Be able to interpret the graph below. What systems are involved in maintaining blood sugar levels and explain how they work together to maintain the levels. Time After Glucose Ingestion (minutes Glucose Concentration in Blood (mg/100mL) 75 30 125 60 110 90 100 80 120 70

13. What are some of the similarities between the reproductive and excretory systems? Both rely on hormones form the pituitary gland to control their functions.

14. Explain what two systems are impacted when you are given a vaccination Circulatory – transports the vaccine Immune – builds antibodies to fight off infections.

15. What two systems interact during sperm/egg production? Endocrine – the hypothalamus sends messages to the pituitary to make hormones. Reproductive – receives the hormones and produces sperm and eggs.

16. Give two examples of body responses that are a result of direct interactions between the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems. Running Away from Danger! Eating a Cheeseburger

Endocrine Circulatory Excretory 17. Which two systems work together to remove excess water from the body? Endocrine Circulatory Excretory When you are dehydrated, the pituitary releases a hormone into your bloodstream to tell you kidneys to hold onto water. When you have too much water, the pituitary stops releasing the hormone, so that you can excrete the excess water (pee…)

18. Explain what a reflex is 18. Explain what a reflex is. What three systems work together to respond when you touch something that causes you pain, such as hot stove? A reflex happens when your body senses something so dangerous, that it has to get you away from the danger as quickly as possible. The signal goes from the touch receptors (nerves) to the spinal cord and then to your muscles to get you away from the danger quick!