Chapter 10 Electing Leaders American Civics 4/20/2018 Chapter 10 Electing Leaders Section 1: A Two-Party System Section 2: Political Party Organization Section 3: The Right to Vote Section 4: Nominating and Electing Leaders Chapter 10

Section 1: A Two-Party System The Main Idea Political parties play an important role in the American democratic process. Party supporters put their political ideas to work at all levels of government. Reading Focus What is the role of political parties in the United States? What are the differences between two-party and one-party political systems? What impact have third parties had on the United States?

One purpose of political parties is American Civics 4/20/2018 Section 1: A Two-Party System Political Parties: Political Party- group of citizens with similar views on public issues who work to put their ideas into effective government action. Nominate- select candidates to run for political office Candidate-- a person who runs for government office Political Spectrum- Refers to a range of differences in political views between parties. Liberal Conservative One purpose of political parties is The role of the political party is to convince voters to elect candidates who support the party’s ideas. Most long-standing spectra include a right wing and left wing, which originally referred to seating arrangements in the French parliament after the Revolution (1789–99) Chapter 10

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Section 1: A Two-Party System The Main Idea Political parties play an important role in the American democratic process. Party supporters put their political ideas to work at all levels of government. Reading Focus What is the role of political parties in the United States? What are the differences between two-party and one-party political systems? What impact have third parties had on the United States?

Develops over time.. Not in the Constitution Section 1: A Two-Party System The Two- Party System: Two- Party System 2 Main Parties in U.S. Democratic Party Liberal Favors a greater role for the federal government in providing social programs Republican Party Conservative More likely to support reducing the power of the federal government in operating social programs 100s more - Smaller parties do not have significant impact on national politics Develops over time.. Not in the Constitution

The Two- Party System Cont.: Section 1: A Two-Party System The Two- Party System Cont.: Multiparty Systems Some European Countries There are more than two strong political parties No one party can win a majority of votes Coalition-- Two or more parties must often agree to compromise and work together Can create problems Many political parties play a role in government To run government

The Two- Party System Cont.: Section 1: A Two-Party System The Two- Party System Cont.: One- Party System Single political party controls government Law usually forbids the formation of another party Sometimes called dictatorships or totalitarian governments

F The United States has a two-party system. F The Republican Party is said to be more conservative. F The multiparty system sometimes makes stable governments more difficult to attain. T T

In two-party systems, one party can check the other and give citizens a choice that one-party systems do not. A coalition, as with multiparty systems, is not needed in a two-party system to run the government.

Section 1: A Two-Party System The Main Idea Political parties play an important role in the American democratic process. Party supporters put their political ideas to work at all levels of government. Reading Focus What is the role of political parties in the United States? What are the differences between two-party and one-party political systems? What impact have third parties had on the United States?

Favored direct election of senators by voters of each state Section 1: A Two-Party System Third Parties: At times they have greatly influenced national politics, even though their candidate did not win. Examples 1912 -T. Roosevelt- Progressive Party 1992- Ross Perot Influence legislation Ex. Populist Party (late 1800s) Organized when TR was denied the Republican nomination Helped Wilson win the presidency Ideas were taken over by the major political parties & accepted by many Americans Favored direct election of senators by voters of each state

F Theodore Roosevelt formed the Progressive Party. F Perot’s involvement may have cost George Bush the election. T

Political parties in the United States: Section 1: A Two-Party System Political parties in the United States: Way for large groups with similar ideas to get things done Take positions on public issues and work to pass laws Allows individuals to have a stronger voice within a group Parties must compromise and work together

The development of political parties in the United States: Section 1: A Two-Party System The development of political parties in the United States: Federalists—believed in strengthening the central government Antifederalists (Democratic-Republicans) tried to limit the power of the federal government. 1820s—Andrew Jackson led the Democratic Party; determined the government should represent the “common people” 1854—Republican Party formed by antislavery groups; nominated Abraham Lincoln for president in 1860

One-party and two-party political systems: Section 1: A Two-Party System One-party and two-party political systems: One-party systems—dictatorships or totalitarian governments; one group or person has power; people do not have essential freedoms Two-party systems—create stable governments; allow for majority rule; voters have a choice

SECTION 1 Question: What are the differences between one- and two-party systems? One-Party System Two-Party System Usually a totalitarian government Usually an unlimited government A government unrestrained by the people Opposition parties illegal  Usually restrictive of civil and political rights Usually forms a stable government Usually a limited government Composed of a diverse group of people who share similar political beliefs Elections are based on a “winner take all” format  Usually civil and political rights are protected

Section 2: Political Party Organization The Main Idea Political parties have workers and committees at the local, state, and national levels. The party nominates candidates for office and campaigns to get those candidates elected. Reading Focus How are political parties organized? How do political parties operate at the local level? What are the two main sources of money for financing political campaigns?

Planning for each political party is conducted in committees Section 2: Political Party Organization Party Organization: Political Parties exist to nominate and elect candidates to office. Organized at the local, state, & national level Raise money to pay its expenses Plan campaign strategies Party Committees National , State, & Local Series of Committees Headed by chairperson Elected or chosen at caucuses Planning for each political party is conducted in committees

Party Organization Cont.: Section 2: Political Party Organization Party Organization Cont.: Can be elected by a state convention National committee—sets dates, rules, and location of national convention; publishes and distributes literature; arranges speakers; aids presidential candidate State central committees—supervise operations within the states; maintain harmony and organization; raise money and aid candidates Largest Committee Members of national committees can NOT be chosen in a national election. Each party’s presidential & vice presidential candidate is chosen at a national nominating convention

State committee chairpersons are often members of the national committee. State committees supervise party organization in each state, organize state campaigns, and raise money. The national committee selects the city where the national nominating convention will be held, the date, and the rules for the convention. National committee members are elected by a state convention, elected by voters in a statewide election, or chosen by the state central committee.

Section 2: Political Party Organization The Main Idea Political parties have workers and committees at the local, state, and national levels. The party nominates candidates for office and campaigns to get those candidates elected. Reading Focus How are political parties organized? How do political parties operate at the local level? What are the two main sources of money for financing political campaigns?

Local Organization: Section 2: Political Party Organization Local committees—conduct campaigns; recommend appointments and candidates; raise money; crucial to party success; precinct captains encourage voters to cast ballots for the party’s candidates Precincts– local voting districts in counties, cities, and wards Polling Place– Where voting takes place The party’s successes or failures often depend on the local committees & their leaders

Local committee members are elected by party members and committee members elect chairpersons. They conduct campaigns and local elections, and raise money for the party and candidates.

Section 2: Political Party Organization The Main Idea Political parties have workers and committees at the local, state, and national levels. The party nominates candidates for office and campaigns to get those candidates elected. Reading Focus How are political parties organized? How do political parties operate at the local level? What are the two main sources of money for financing political campaigns?

Financing Campaigns: Section 2: Political Party Organization Private contributions make up a large percentage of funds. Business groups, labor unions and other groups also contribute. Large fund-raising events are held by each party. Fear of corruption prompted Congress to regulate the size of donations.

Financing Campaigns: Private Financing Section 2: Political Party Organization Financing Campaigns: Private Financing 1972—Federal Election Campaign Act (FECA) passed to limit political contributions & lessen the possibility of corruption 2002– Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act (BCRA) which revised the contribution limit.

Financing Campaigns: Private Financing Section 2: Political Party Organization Financing Campaigns: Private Financing FECA limits size of contributions and requires a report of donors. Must report anyone who donates $200 or more a year Individuals are limited to $2,100 for each- the primary and general elections Enforced by the Federal Election Commission May still make unlimited contributions to activities that are not part of federal candidate’s campaign. Soft Money

Financing Campaigns: Public Financing Section 2: Political Party Organization Financing Campaigns: Public Financing The Presidential Election Campaign Fund gives public funds to qualified candidates who can then no longer receive private donations. Income tax $3 contribution Distributed by U.S. Treasury To be eligible Candidate must raise $5,000 from private contributions in each of at least 20 states Agree to limit their spending to nomination campaigns After winning the nominations candidates cannot accept private contributions. For public financing of presidential elections Who accept public funding

State Central Committees American Civics SECTION 2 4/20/2018 Question: What are the responsibilities of each of the committees, and how do they help their major political party? National Committee  Selects the site and date for the national nominating convention  Sets rules for convention  Helps presidential candidate with election State Central Committees  Supervises party’s operations within each state  Maintains party harmony  Helps raise money for political campaigns Local Committees  Conducts campaigns at the local level  Raises money for the party and party candidates  Makes recommendations for political appointments  Precinct captains are responsible for getting voters out to vote Chapter 10

It limited political contributions and created the Presidential Election Campaign Fund. The Federal Election Commission monitors the contributions. A candidate must raise at least $5,000 from private contributions in at least 20 states, and then they can receive matching funds with certain stipulations.

Section 3: The Right to Vote The Main Idea The right to vote is one of the most important rights held by U.S. citizens. It is the means through which citizens can most directly affect the actions of government. Reading Focus How do you become a voter in the United States? What is the difference between primary elections and general elections? How has the voting process changed over the years?

Becoming a Voter Section 3: The Right to Vote All U.S. citizens over the age of 18 are eligible to vote. States cannot deny the right to vote based on race, color, or sex. Voters must register prior to an election. Name, Address, & Date of Birth Choose a party or register as independent Can change later Disqualified voters include prison inmates, mentally incompetent persons, election-law violators, and persons with no established residence. Without penalty or consequence

e No one can vote more than once or claim to be someone else and cast that person’s vote.

Section 3: The Right to Vote The Main Idea The right to vote is one of the most important rights held by U.S. citizens. It is the means through which citizens can most directly affect the actions of government. Reading Focus How do you become a voter in the United States? What is the difference between primary elections and general elections? How has the voting process changed over the years?

Elections Primary Elections Section 3: The Right to Vote In states that do not hold primaries, delegates are selected by the state’s party leaders or state committees. Elections Primary Elections Allows registered voters to choose the party candidates Closed primary: only party members can vote for each party’s candidate Registered independent voters cannot vote Open primary: voters can vote for either party’s candidates Sometimes called caucuses

Elections Independent Candidates Section 3: The Right to Vote Elections Independent Candidates Independent candidates do not belong to a political party Can be placed on the general election ballot with if enough supporters sign a petition Write- in candidates

Elections General Elections Section 3: The Right to Vote Elections General Elections Voters choose their leaders First Tuesday following the first Monday of November Presidential elections every 4 years, Congressional elections every 2 years on even years. Registered voters choose the leaders. State & local officials are also on the ballot

a d f b If enough voters sign a petition supporting a candidate, he or she can be on the ballot.

Section 3: The Right to Vote The Main Idea The right to vote is one of the most important rights held by U.S. citizens. It is the means through which citizens can most directly affect the actions of government. Reading Focus How do you become a voter in the United States? What is the difference between primary elections and general elections? How has the voting process changed over the years?

Voting Section 3: The Right to Vote Early 1800s—voting was by voice 1888—secret ballots adopted to ensure fairness and honesty 1960s—Mechanical lever machines were most common Punchcards, mark-sense, and direct recording electronic systems are other paper-ballot alternatives. vote voting Used in most states

Voting Section 3: The Right to Vote Polling Places are open from early in the morning until evening (7am-8pm PA) Law requires that employers must give time off to vote, most states, not PA Straight ticket- vote for all the candidates of one party Split ticket– choosing candidates of more than one political party

c mechanical lever machines, punchcards, marksense, and direct recording electronic (DRE) systems

Mechanical lever machines Marksense (optical scan) SECTION 3 Question: What are the various voting methods currently used across the country? Paper ballot Mechanical lever machines Voting Methods Marksense (optical scan) DRE system Suggestions?

Section 4: Nominating and Electing Leaders The Main Idea Every four years the United States elects a president. Citizens need to follow the presidential election campaign, stay informed about the candidates and the issues, and vote. Reading Focus What is the main purpose of the electoral college? What is the nomination process at the national party conventions?

National nominating conventions and choosing delegates: Section 4: Nominating and Electing Leaders National nominating conventions and choosing delegates: Delegates are elected in primaries or selected by party leaders. Additional delegates are determined by different formulas. Parties agree on a platform and select a candidate at national conventions. Conventions are huge, televised events intended to spread the party’s message to voters.

The nomination process at the national conventions: Section 4: Nominating and Electing Leaders The nomination process at the national conventions: State-by-state roll call and nominating speeches for candidates Favorite sons or daughters nominated to honor or delay decision Balloting of the delegates ensues until candidate is chosen Delegates nominate the vice president based on ability win votes Presidential candidates have the strongest voice regarding the choice for vice president.

Methods of presidential campaigning: Section 4: Nominating and Electing Leaders Methods of presidential campaigning: Television and other media advertise candidates’ views. Presidential debates (televised since 1960s) Computers offer online campaigning. Personal-appearance tours Telephone campaigning urges citizens to vote.

The main purpose of the electoral college: Section 4: Nominating and Electing Our Leaders The main purpose of the electoral college: Electors cast the official votes for presidency based on the popular vote in each state. The framers of the Constitution worried citizens would not be able to choose wise leaders. The relevancy of the electoral college today is in debate.

SECTION 4 Question: What events occur between the time a person announces candidacy and inauguration? Presidential Election Day Votes counted before a Joint Session of Congress National Nominating Conventions Announces candidacy Electors Vote Presidential Primaries Campaigning Inauguration

Chapter 10 Wrap-Up 1. What purposes do political parties serve, and what are the advantages of a two-party system? 2. What are coalition governments, and why are they often unstable? 3. How do political parties raise money, and how does Congress regulate fund-raising? 4. How do presidential candidates use public funds for their campaigns? 5. What protections do voters receive from the Constitution and the Voting Rights Act of 1965? 6. How do the major political parties select their presidential candidates? 7. Why do some people want to replace the electoral college?