Nomenclature of Alkynes

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Presentation transcript:

Nomenclature of Alkynes An alkyne is a hydrocarbon that contains a carbon–carbon triple bond. General formula: CnH2n–2 (acyclic) CnH2n–4 (cyclic) 7-אלקינים ו- דיאנים

Nomenclature of Alkynes The “yne” suffix is assigned the lowest number. The substituents are assigned so the lowest number is in the name. 7-אלקינים ו- דיאנים

Two of the Same Functional Group 7-אלקינים ו- דיאנים

A Double Bond and a Triple Bond 7-אלקינים ו- דיאנים

Double and Triple are Tied When the same number is obtained for both, the double bond gets the lower number. 7-אלקינים ו- דיאנים

Priority of Functional Groups Suffixes 7-אלקינים ו- דיאנים

OH and NH2 Have Higher Priority 7-אלקינים ו- דיאנים

The Structure of Alkynes The triple bond is composed of a sigma bond and two π bonds. 7-אלקינים ו- דיאנים

Alkynes (Like Alkenes) Undergo Electrophilic Addition Reactions מרקובניקוב בדרך כלל אנטי geminal dihalide 7-אלקינים ו- דיאנים

An Asymmetrical Internal Alkyne Forms Two Products 7-אלקינים ו- דיאנים

A Symmetrical Internal Alkyne Forms One Product 7-אלקינים ו- דיאנים

Addition of Cl2 and Br2 7-אלקינים ו- דיאנים

Acid-Catalyzed Addition of Water to an Alkene 7-אלקינים ו- דיאנים

Keto–Enol Interconversion 7-אלקינים ו- דיאנים

Mechanism for Acid-Catalyzed Keto–Enol Interconversion נושא זה יפורט בפרק של קרבונילים 7-אלקינים ו- דיאנים

Acid-Catalyzed Addition of Water 7-אלקינים ו- דיאנים

A Terminal Alkyne is Less Reactive Than an Internal Alkyne Because terminal alkynes are less reactive, the rate of the reaction is increased with a mercuric ion catalyst. 7-אלקינים ו- דיאנים

Mechanism for Catalysis by Hg2+ רשות 7-אלקינים ו- דיאנים

Hydroboration–Oxidation 7-אלקינים ו- דיאנים

Hydroboration–Oxidation Terminal alkynes form aldehydes. Internal alkynes form ketones. 7-אלקינים ו- דיאנים

Addition of Hydrogen Forms an Alkane 7-אלקינים ו- דיאנים

Stopping at the Alkene 7-אלקינים ו- דיאנים

Lindlar Catalyst רשות The reaction can be stopped at the alkene stage if a “poisoned” (partially deactivated) metal catalyst is used. The most commonly used partially deactivated metal catalyst is Lindlar catalyst, which is prepared by precipitating palladium on calcium carbonate and treating it with lead(II) acetate and quinoline. This treatment modifies the surface of the palladium, making it much more effective at catalyzing the addition of hydrogen to a triple bond than to a double bond 7-אלקינים ו- דיאנים

Syn Addition 7-אלקינים ו- דיאנים

Why Cis? The catalyst delivers the hydrogens to one side of the triple bond. 7-אלקינים ו- דיאנים

Anti Addition 7-אלקינים ו- דיאנים

Mechanism for Formation of a Trans Alkene רשות 7-אלקינים ו- דיאנים

Why Trans? רשות אוזונוליזה: אלקינים עוברים אוזונוליזה כמו קשרים כפולים, ונוצר חומצות קרבוקסיליות 7-אלקינים ו- דיאנים

Relative Electronegativities of Carbon 7-אלקינים ו- דיאנים

A Hydrogen Attached to an sp Carbon is the Most Acidic 7-אלקינים ו- דיאנים

Need a Strong Base to Remove the Hydrogen 7-אלקינים ו- דיאנים

HO– is Not Strong Enough 7-אלקינים ו- דיאנים

Relative Acid Strengths 7-אלקינים ו- דיאנים

Forming a New Carbon–Carbon Bond 7-אלקינים ו- דיאנים

Mechanism for Formation of the Carbon–Carbon Bond 7-אלקינים ו- דיאנים

Two Steps 7-אלקינים ו- דיאנים

Designing a Synthesis 7-אלקינים ו- דיאנים

Retrosynthetic Analysis and Synthesis 7-אלקינים ו- דיאנים

Conjugated and Isolated Dienes 7-אלקינים ו- דיאנים

Conjugated Dienes Have Delocalized Electrons דיאנים מצומדים יציבים יותר 7-אלקינים ו- דיאנים

An sp2–sp2 Bond Is Stronger Than an sp2–sp3 Bond 7-אלקינים ו- דיאנים

Allyl and Benzyl Allylic and Benzylic 7-אלקינים ו- דיאנים

Resonance Contributors for an Allylic Cation 7-אלקינים ו- דיאנים

Relative Stabilities of Carbocations 7-אלקינים ו- דיאנים

Relative Stabilities of Carbocations Define carbonyl group 7-אלקינים ו- דיאנים 45

Mechanism 7-אלקינים ו- דיאנים

Double Bonds Can Have Different Reactivities 7-אלקינים ו- דיאנים

Reactions of Conjugated Dienes 7-אלקינים ו- דיאנים

1,2-Addition and 1,4-Addition האלקטרופיל נקשר לפחמן אחד או ארבע 7-אלקינים ו- דיאנים

Mechanism for the Reaction of a Conjugated Diene 7-אלקינים ו- דיאנים

Which Carbon Gets the Proton? Protonate the end that forms the more stable carbocation: אלילי שלישוני +אלילי ראשוני- עדיף אלילי שניוני +אלילי ראשוני 7-אלקינים ו- דיאנים

Kinetic and Thermodynamic Products For the reaction of 1,3-butadiene 7-אלקינים ו- דיאנים

If the Reaction is Irreversible, the Kinetic Product Predominates 7-אלקינים ו- דיאנים

If the Reaction is Reversible, the Thermodynamic Product Predominates 7-אלקינים ו- דיאנים

Why? 7-אלקינים ו- דיאנים

Kinetic Control 7-אלקינים ו- דיאנים

Thermodynamic Control 7-אלקינים ו- דיאנים

The 1,2-Product is Always The Kinetic Product העשרה מחקר חדשני: אפקט הקרבה, הכלור קרוב לקרבוקטיון האלילי בסיפוח 1,2 DCl was used instead of HCl, so the 1,2- and 1,4-products would be different. 7-אלקינים ו- דיאנים

The Proximity Effect The proximity effect causes the 1,2-product to be formed faster. 7-אלקינים ו- דיאנים

Kinetic and Thermodynamic Products העשרה מחקר חדשני: אפקט הקרבה, הברום קרוב לקרבוקטיון האלילי בסיפוח 1,2 Although the 1,2-product is always the kinetic product, do not assume that the 1,4-product is always the thermodynamic product. 7-אלקינים ו- דיאנים

Kinetic and Thermodynamic Products 7-אלקינים ו- דיאנים

The Diels–Alder Reaction Forms a Six-Membered Ring 7-אלקינים ו- דיאנים

The Mechanism a pericyclic reaction takes place by a cyclic shift of electrons a [4+2] cycloaddition reaction 7-אלקינים ו- דיאנים

Faster if There is an Electron Withdrawing Group on the Dienophile 7-אלקינים ו- דיאנים

The Electron Withdrawing Group Makes the Electrophile a Better Electrophile 7-אלקינים ו- דיאנים

Another Diels–Alder Reaction 7-אלקינים ו- דיאנים

Alkynes Can Also Be Dienophiles The cyclic product has two double bonds. 7-אלקינים ו- דיאנים

Another Diels–Alder Reaction 7-אלקינים ו- דיאנים

s-Cis and s-Trans Conformations 7-אלקינים ו- דיאנים

דילס אלדר-s-cis Diene must adopt an s-cis conformation, meaning “cis-like” about the single bond 7-אלקינים ו- דיאנים

The Diene Must Be in an s-Cis Conformation 7-אלקינים ו- דיאנים

Cis Forms Cis Trans Forms Trans 7-אלקינים ו- דיאנים

How to Determine the Reactants of a Diels–Alder Reaction 7-אלקינים ו- דיאנים

How to Determine the Reactants of a Diels–Alder Reaction 7-אלקינים ו- דיאנים

מנגנון הראייה-העשרה Vitamin A is water-insoluble vitamin. β-Carotene, which is cleaved to form two molecules of vitamin A, is the major dietary source of the vitamin. Vitamin A, also called retinol, plays an important role in vision. The retina of the eye contains cone cells and rod cells. The cone cells are responsible for color vision and for vision in bright light. The rod cells are responsible for vision in dim light. In rod cells, vitamin A is oxidized to an aldehyde and the trans double bond at C-11 is isomerized to a cis double bond. The protein opsin uses a lysine side chain (Lys 216) to form an imine with (11Z)-retinal, resulting in a complex known as rhodopsin. When rhodopsin absorbs visible light, it isomerizes to the trans isomer. This change in molecular geometry causes an electrical signal to be sent to the brain, where it is perceived as a visual image. The trans isomer of rhodopsin is not stable and is hydrolyzed to (11E)-retinal and opsin in a reaction referred to as bleaching of the visual pigment. (11E)-Retinal is then converted back to (11Z)-retinal to complete the vision cycle. 7-אלקינים ו- דיאנים

מנגנון הראייה-העשרה 7-אלקינים ו- דיאנים