1.1 Some space objects are visible to the human eye How the Universe is arranged How stars form patterns in the sky How the motions of bodies in space appear from Earth

Vocab Orbit – the path of an object in space as it moves around another object Solar System – The Sun, planets and smaller bodies that orbit the Sun Galaxy – a group of mil or bil of stars held together by their own gravity Universe – space and all the matter & energy in it Constellation – a group of stars that form a pattern in the sky

Prior Knowledge Earth orbits the Earth is orbited by Earth turns on its axis every Sun Moon 24 hours

Arrangement of the Universe The number of objects in the universe and the distances between them are greater than most people can imagine. They are not where they are randomly. Gravity causes objects in space to be grouped together in different ways.

Objects in space are arranged in structures that are part of larger structures Earth’s diameter is 13,000 km, almost 4X the diameter of the Moon, which orbits the Earth. The Sun is about 100X diameter of Earth. The Solar System is part of the Milky Way Galaxy. The Milky Way Galaxy is part of the Universe.

Least complex to most complex Earth (planet)  Solar System  Galaxy  Universe

Stars: Constellations Ancient Greeks, Romans, and other people who lived long ago found patterns, or shapes, made by stars in the night sky. These groups of stars that form patterns are called Constellations. From Earth, a constellation looks like spots of light arranged in a particular shape against the night sky. However, the stars in a constellation often have no relationship to each other in space.

Constellations This figure shows how the constellation of the mythological Greek hunter Orion appears from Earth.

Constellations Modern astronomy divides the sky into 88 regions or constellations. The Big Dipper is part of the constellation Ursa Major. The Big Dipper is actually an Asterism; which is a recognizable group of stars that is part of a known constellation. The two stars at the front of the Big Dipper point to the star Polaris. Polaris is also called the North Star. That is because Polaris is almost directly over Earth’s north pole. Polaris is located at the end of the Little Dipper in the constellation Ursa Minor.

Why do constellations appear to move? You may have noticed that stars appear to move E  W during the night. Constellations in the northern sky appear to circle around Polaris because of Earth’s rotation. They are called circumpolar constellations. Their unique position allows the circumpolar constellations to be seen all year long. They appear to complete a full circle in 24hrs. Other constellations, such as Orion, can only be seen seasonally. Orion is visible in the south during Winter. In summer, Orion can’t be seen north of the equator because the northern hemisphere is facing the Sun & Orion during the day.

circumpolar constellations Clip circumpolar constellations

The Movements of planets & other nearby objects are visible from Earth The farther away a moving object is from you the less it seems to move. If a bird and an airplane flew overhead at the same time it will appear the bird is flying faster because it is closer to you

Why is it impossible to observe the actual movements of stars? Which will appear to change position in the sky more quickly – the Moon or a planet? WHY? Stars are too far away to see the movement The moon because it is closer

Absolute and Apparent Magnitudes When you look at constellations, you’ll notice that some stars are brighter than others. Why do you think some stars look brighter than others? There are two ways to describe a star’s brightness. The absolute magnitude of a star is the amount of light it gives off. The apparent magnitude is the amount of light that reaches Earth, or how bright it looks.

Absolute and Apparent Magnitude A star that is dim can look bright in the sky if it’s close to Earth. And a star that is bright can appear dim if it is farther away

Measurement in Space One way scientists measure the distance between Earth and a nearby star is to measure Parallax. Parallax is the apparent shift in the position of an object when you look at it from two different positions. Stretch your arm out in front of you and look at your thumb with one eye closed. Now open you eye and close the other eye and look at thumb again. Your thumb looks like it moved even though it has not. That shift is parallax.

How is Parallax measured? Astronomers measure the parallax of a nearby star to indirectly measure how far away it is from Earth. The same star is observed at two different times of the year. Astronomers observe how the star seems to change positions compared with stars which are farther away (or what seems to be a stationary background). There are 2 main factors that determine parallax effect: The distance to the observed object The distance between the two points of observation is called the baseline. For example, the distance between your two eyes is the baseline distance. As the baseline distance increases, parallax increases. What would be the largest achievable baseline on Earth be?

Measurement in Space Space is so enormous that scientists need a special way to describe distances. Distances between stars and galaxies are measured in light years. A Light year is the distance that light travels in one year. Light travels at 300,000km/s, or about 9.5 trillion km in one year. (6 trillion miles)

Properties of Stars The color of a star indicates its temperature. Hot stars are a blue-white color. Stars that have a medium temperature, like the Sun are yellow. A cooler star looks orange or red.

Question 1 Patterns of stars in the night sky are called? Constellations Magnitudes Orbits Parallaxes

Answer A. People in early cultures imagined that the constellations represented characters or familiar objects.

Question 2 Which of the following are NOT constellations? Cassopeia Polaris Big Dipper Ursa Minor

Answer B & C -Polaris is a single star known as the North Star and the Big Dipper is an asterism.

ISN In your ISN draw and explain why circumpolar constellations appear to move.