Introduction to Telecommunications

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Presentation transcript:

Introduction to Telecommunications

Topics to be discussed Type of connections Electromagnetic spectrum and bandwidth Analog and digital transmission Multiplexing Transmission media

Types of connections Switched network connections Leased line network connections Dedicated network connections

Signals Analog signal Digital signals Amplitude Phase Frequency 1 or 0 digital signal = f + f3 + f5 +f7 +f9 +f11 +f13 ....f(infinity) Analog signal Amplitude Phase Frequency Digital signals 1 or 0

Bandwidth The range of frequencies that made up a signal is known as bandwidth. Narrow band – DS-0 at 64 Kbps Wideband – n×DS-0 for T-carrier, E-Carrier and J-Carrier up to 45 Mbps Broadband – anything over 2Mbps Fiber optic Speed 10Gbps – 32 volumes of Encyclopedia Britannica in 1/10 seconds Synchronous Optical Networking (SONET) and Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) - started from 51Mbps

Analog and Digital Signal Transmission Maximum data rate – 33.6Kbps AM, FM, PM Digital Analog digitizes through 56Kbps Modem ASK, FSK, PSK Regenerative repeaters – drop and hub repeaters

Analog to Digital Conversion Figure: ISDN telephone Codec 8 bit PCM for PSTN Both coding and compression for cellular network Modem Household Modem – 56Kbps Via co-axial cable Digital ISDN Modem – for voice, video or data at high speed ADSL Modem Telephone line Can integrate with wireless access point Fiber optic Modem Can come through a combination of Wireless Modem/router Figure: DSL router Figure: Fiber Optic endpoint at customer premises

Multiplexing DS0 DS1 64Kbps data rate 8kHz sampling rate at 8bits/s for each voice channel. DS1 A communication protocol Multiplex 24 voice channels 1.544 Mbps

Multiplexing Additional benefits Data compression Error detection and correction To ensure integrity and accuracy Manage resources for transmission Disaster management Prioritize Provide efficient use of leased line

Multiplexing FDM TDM Statistical TDM (STDM) CDMA WDM Dense WDM (DWDM) Usually analog Radio Cable TV through coaxial cable TDM Statistical TDM (STDM) CDMA WDM Dense WDM (DWDM) Coarse WDM (CWDM)

Traditional Transmission Media Wired Twisted pair Coaxial cable Fiber optic cable Wireless Networks 802.11g Wi-Fi Li-Fi