Attack on Pearl Harbor

For 2,000 years Japan had never been defeated. There was no word for "surrender“ in the Japanese dictionary.

Japanese Expansion Japan had been expanding their power throughout the 1930’s

Japanese expansion during 1930’s Recap • Invaded Manchuria in 1931 • All-out invasion of China, 1937 (Rape of Nanking) •Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis, 1940 • Took control of French & Dutch colonies after Germany conquered Europe

American Response to Japanese Expansion • Cancelled all trade treaties when Japan invaded China (’37) • Banned export of oil & scrap metal to Japan, 1940 – Japan imported 100% of its oil – 50% of Japan’s oil came from US – Japanese military viewed embargo as act of war • US moved large Pacific Fleet to base at Pearl Harbor – Hawaii is not a state yet – Only other Naval force in Pacific was Japan

The Legend The United States was minding her own business until the Japanese launched their unprovoked attack dragging reluctant Americans into a terrible world war and obliging the US to shoulder international responsibilities.

Reality The US was deeply involved in Far East affairs and our policies actually provoked the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor.

FDR’s plan Provoke either Germany or Japan to enter war without upsetting American public.

Hitler didn’t bite… Japan did… Freeze Germany’s assets Ship 50 destroyers to Britain Depth-charge U-boats Hitler didn’t bite… Freeze Japan’s assets Close the Panama Canal to her shipping Halt vital exports to Japan Imply military threats if Tokyo did not alter its Pacific policies In order to resume trade Japan had to withdraw all troops from China and Indochina Japan did…

Admiral J.O. Richardson West Coast usual naval fleet base FDR decided to base the US fleet in Hawaii Pearl Harbor vulnerable to attack -approachable from any direction Richardson flew to DC to protest FDR immediately relieved him of his command

Admiral Husband Kimmel Replaced Richardson Also informed Washington of Pearl’s vulnerabilities Per Naval rule when international threat is apparent the fleet puts to sea Kimmel sent 46 warships including the aircraft carriers safely into the North Pacific to patrol the area without notifying Washington

Why would FDR Countermand Admiral Kimmel? He was concerned that if the fleet encountered the Japanese Task force there would be questions about who fired the first shot.

General Walter Short Concerned with sabotage Ordered planes to be parked in the middle of the airfield Made them more vulnerable to aerial attack Short ordered radar stations installed to watch for aerial attack Relieved of command after the attack His rank was reduced to Major General He retired from active duty in February 28th , 1942 83 days after Pearl

Hideki Tojo Japanese Prime Minister • Believed war with US was inevitable • On surface, he offered negotiations • Planned attack on US as soon as he took office Hideki Tojo

Magic US cryptanalysis project Allowed US to read Japan’s diplomatic messages

Interception Deciphering Translation Evaluation

The War Department had been monitoring Japanese diplomatic messages The War Department had been monitoring Japanese diplomatic messages. It was fully aware of the certainty of an attack. It failed to inform those in charge at Pearl Harbor.

JAPANESE STRATEGY The Japanese government NEVER believed it could defeat the United States, it intended to negotiate an end to the war on favorable terms. They wanted to negotiate a peace and leave Japan's old order, the emperor and the military government, in power.

Japanese Attack on Pearl Harbor • December 7, 1941 – Surprise attack – Aircraft-carrier based attack force – Destroyed 70% of US heavy warships – Aircraft carriers were not in the harbor

Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto Studied at Harvard Conceived, designed the attack Cautioned the War Council against a war with the US Why? US industrial strength Material wealth Temperament of the American people Japanese War Council underestimated America

“In the first six to twelve months of a war with the United States and Britain, I will run wild and win victory after victory. After that, I have no expectation of success.”

He was known to have remarked after the attack… “I feel that all we have done is to awaken a sleeping giant and fill him with terrible resolve.”

Vice Admiral Chuichi Nagumo 31 ship Strike Force Two tasks Destroy aircraft carriers Sink as many other capital ships as possible especially battleships Criticized His reasoning : the aircraft carriers were out of port and fighter planes could effectively locate and attack the Strike Force

IJN Captain and bomber pilot Lead the first air wave attack Mitsuo Fuchida IJN Captain and bomber pilot Lead the first air wave attack To Ra To Ra To Ra… Surprise Achieved Japanese Footage of the Attack http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5XWpFwY6q8c&safe=active

Sunday Morning No warning from Washington Battleships in port for weekend liberty Carriers Lexington and Enterprise on way to Midway and Wake Islands The attack began at 7:55 am Hawaiian Time http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nt13c3olXkU&safe=activ e

Pearl Harbor December 7, 1941 “Tora Tora Tora”

USS West Virginia, known as the WEE VEE before her attack at Pearl Harbor.

Doris "Dorie" Miller General quarters sounded Headed for his battle station Because of his physical size he was assigned to carry wounded sailors to safety Ordered to the bridge to aid the mortally wounded Captain Manned a 50 caliber anti-aircraft machine gun until he ran out of ammunition and was ordered to abandon ship

Cuba Gooding Jr. as Petty Officer Doris Miller from Pearl Harbor

USS West Virginia

WEE VEE Thought to have taken 5 torpedo hits actually had taken 7 Abandoned, settled to the harbor bottom on an even keel Patched, pumped out and refloated early May 1942 Spent 1 year in a floating Dry-dock to make sea worthy 66 bodies of sailors who had been trapped below when the ship sank were found A calendar found with 3 bodies in a store room compartment indicated the sailors had lived through December 23rd!

Wee Vee Post Raising

WEE VEE

WEE VEE Left Pearl Harbor May 1943 for the west coast Completely rebuilt at the Puget Sound Navy Yard, Bremerton, Washington She reentered the war in October, 1944

The Wee Vee saw action at the Battle for the Philippines, Iwo Jima and Okinawa. She was the lead battleship into Tokyo Harbor at the end of the war.

USS Arizona

USS Arizona burned for two days after being hit USS Arizona burned for two days after being hit. The wreck remains at  the bottom of Pearl Harbor as a war memorial. It leaks a quart of oil a day.

USS Arizona Memorial 1,177 crew members were killed Despite conservation efforts, the ship leaks oil The seeping oil is referred to as "the tears of the Arizona" or "black tears" http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FSX1U8u7eb4&safe=active

Gun Turret

Japan Attack Losses 366 Japanese planes in the 1st assault 168 planes in the 2nd Assault 5 Midget Submarines The attack on Battleship Row began at 7:55 am By 10 am the last bombs had fallen Losses Less then 100 men 29 planes 5 midget submarines

Wheeler Field

Of the 402 American aircraft in Hawaii, 188 were destroyed and 159 damaged, 155 of them still on the ground. ...

Heavy damage is seen on the destroyers, U.S.S. Cassin and the U.S.S. Downes, stationed at Pearl Harbor after the Japanese attack on the Hawaiian island. (AP Photo/U.S. Navy

Wreckage, identified by the U. S Wreckage, identified by the U.S. Navy as a Japanese torpedo plane , was salvaged from the bottom of Pearl Harbor following the surprise attack Dec. 7, 1941. (AP Photo)

The shattered wreckage of American planes bombed by the Japanese in their attack on Pearl Harbor is strewn on Hickam Field, Dec. 7, 1941. (AP Photo)

United States Casualties 2,335 servicemen and 68 civilians killed 1,178 wounded 18 ships destroyed (8 battleships, 3 light cruisers, 3 destroyers, 4 other vessels)

After Pearl Harbor • The US Fleet was severely crippled • Panic spread in western US about a Japanese invasion • Japan attacks in Asia – took key colonies of Hong Kong & Singapore from UK – took Philippines from the US

By mid-1942 Japan had achieved its goal of creating a vast, resource-rich Pacific empire The Japanese ignored the unglamorous target that truly would have crippled the U.S. Navy for perhaps a year or more: the oil tanks next to Pearl Harbor. Without the ability to refuel at Pearl, the U.S. Navy would have had to retreat to San Diego, San Francisco Bay, and Puget Sound.

• • The survival of the US aircraft carriers would eventually prove to be one of the deciding factors of the entire War

A Day That Will Live in Infamy.” ~ President Franklin D. Roosevelt declaring War on Japan before the U.S. Congress December 8, 1941 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lK8gYGg0dkE&safe=active

It has been said that the happiest man in the World on the night of December 7, 1941 was Winston Churchill.

December 11, 1941 Germany and Italy declare war on the US It is the only time that Hitler actually declares war.

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Hawaii Declared a war zone Martial law imposed Writ of habeas corpus suspended

Martial Law Habeas Corpus Rule by military authority in times of emergency Civil authority is temporarily suspended Prisoner must be brought to court to determine whether or not they have been lawfully imprisoned and whether they should be released from custody

Question: Hawaii was the site of Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor and had the largest concentration of Japanese Americans in the country. Yet no mass incarceration took place on the islands. Why? They were a large part of Hawaii's labor force, and some leaders were concerned that Hawaii's economy would collapse if all Japanese Americans were removed.

Martial Law In Hawaii 157,000 Japanese living in Hawaii Major workforce for Sugar Cane and Pineapple Plantations Japanese in Hawaii had much closer ties to Japan than those on the mainland Lasted three years

Martial Law In Hawaii The Islands became one large military base Military courts replaced civil courts Blackouts, curfews, rationing, censorship of news and mail, fingerprinting of all civilians Japanese businesses were shut down Certain Japanese, German, and Italian civilians were arrested as “suspicious” and placed in detention centers

United States Executive Order 9066 Early February, 1942 Authorized the Secretary of War to designate certain areas as military zones Justification for relocation of Japanese Americans to internment camps

First Generation immigrants from Japan Nisei Issei First Generation immigrants from Japan Nisei 2nd Generation Japanese born in the United States Sansei Third generation

Mainland Japanese Posed a much smaller risk compared to their Hawaii counterparts Over half had American citizenship Still interned

Labor The potential for economic gain was a major factor leading to the incarceration of people of Japanese ancestry. Japanese immigrants to the continental U.S. performed manual labor in industries including railroads, lumber, canneries, mining and fishing.

Agriculture Japanese farmers were pioneers in West Coast agriculture, clearing land unwanted by whites and introducing labor-intensive techniques that yielded abundant harvests from small plots of land. Anti-Japanese Organizations Japanese owned most of the early California vineyards, all of which they lost Forced to sell their land @10¢ on the $1

Internment on the US Mainland Forced relocation and internment of 110,000 Japanese Americans and Japanese residing along the Pacific coast "War Relocation Camps” Officials, including FDR referred to the centers as “concentration camps” They did lose their liberty as well as their property—their homes, businesses, and other belongings Japanese Americans were not killed or tortured

Korematsu v. United States Fred Korematsu 23 years old US citizen of Japanese descent Defied the order to be relocated Arrested, and convicted Supreme Court Case to challenge the constitutionality of Executive Order 9066 Decision upheld National security supersedes Individual rights

Loyalty Test 1943 All internees over the age of 17 were given a loyalty test. Only asked two questions: 1. Are you willing to serve in the armed forces of the United States on combat duty wherever ordered? (Females were asked if they were willing to volunteer for the Army Nurse Corps or Women's Army Corps.) 2. Will you swear unqualified allegiance to the United States of America and faithfully defend the United States from any or all attack by foreign or domestic forces and forswear any form of allegiance or obedience to the Japanese emperor, to any other foreign government, power or organization?

442nd 33,000 Japanese Americans served 13,000 Japanese Americans served in the 442nd in Europe and 3,000 served in the Pacific Theater 100th Battalion of the "442nd " included Hawaiians of Japanese descent and Japanese-American mainlanders

Daniel Inouye Second-generation Japanese-American living in Honolulu, Hawaii Fought in the 442nd Medal of Honor, Bronze Star, Purple Heart United States Senator (D) from Hawaii 1962-2012 President pro tempore of the United States Senate from 2010 until his death in 2012 The highest-ranking Asian American politician in U.S. history

Japanese American Women Most were assigned to the Pacific Military Intelligence

After the War Used as many were assigned as Translators and intermediaries during the Occupation of Japan under General MacArthur

Public Proclamation Number 21 Became effective in January 1945 It allowed internees to return to their homes.

A Japanese family returns home to find their garage vandalized with graffiti and broken windows in Seattle, on May 10, 1945.

Civil Liberties Act- HR442 1988 Legislation passed apologizing for the internment on behalf of the US government Forced internment blamed on “race prejudice, war hysteria, and a failure of political leadership” President Ronald Reagan signed this legislation 60,000 survivors of internment camps $20,000 each to compensate them for their lost liberty and property.