AMSTI VOLCANOES

Volcano Intro Can usually be predicted Clues: increased number of earthquakes, presence of steam & ash, increased amount of sulfur in the air, and bulging sides/top of volcano Accurate predictions save lives & protects property

Volcanoes Eruptions range from mild to violent Often spew molten rock onto ground & ash into air Can erupt sideways Can occur with earthquake, flash flood, rockfall, and mudflow (Lahar) Can cause tsunami & melts snow/glaciers

Volcanologist Studies volcano Observes & collects data Collect samples of lava Trained in geology, physics, chemistry, biology, statistics, math, and engineering Fascinated & curious about volcanoes & how they work

Destructive Results Ash, contaminated water, collapsed roofs, electrical storms, wipe out forests, mudflows, rockfalls, earthquakes, flash flood, ignite fires, tsunami, lightning, storms, landslide, destroy crops, suffocate animals

Constructive Results Beautiful hot springs, recreation, geothermal energy, produce electricity, enrich soil with minerals, creates gorgeous landscapes

Magma vs Lava Magma is under ground- Lava is above ground Hot molten rock below surface rises through fractures of crust-can cool & form rock-can spew into land or ocean floor

Viscosity of Lava Runny lava flows and covers quickly Ricky thick lava oozes slowly Magma can retreat & hardens to form caldera Viscosity measures the resistance of flow, thickness, ease of movement and measures friction

Hot Spot & Islands Hot spot is are of melting in the mantle Volcanoes form above hot spots If under oceanic crust, forms an island

Types of Volcanoes Shield: gentle flow, 2 separating plates, sloping sides, wide & flat, flat top, has lava dome, resembles warrior's shield Composite: tall & pointed, snow summits, thick & sticky lava, 2 colliding plates, lava/ash eruptions, symmetrical Cinder Cone: small, explosive shattering eruptions, ooze lava at base, magma cools quickly, bowl shape crater on top, made of pyro clastic material & cinders/rocks

SHIELD: HAWAII

COMPOSITE:MT FUJI

CINDER CONE:

Rock Cycle

Igneous Rock Formation: molten rock cools and crystallizes on ground as lava or below ground as magma Examples: Intrusive- Gabbro & Granite; Extrusive-Basalt, Obsidian & Pumice

Sedimentary Rock Formation: Small pieces of minerals and plants ae compressed into layers – often found near water Examples: Sandstone, Shale, Limestone, Coal & Chalk

Metamorphic Rock Formation: Pressed together by heat & pressure inside Earth’s mantle Examples: Marble, Quartz, Slate & Gneiss

YELLOWSTONE

Yellowstone National park in Wyoming & Montana Hottest most active geyser area in world (500+) Most of park sits in an ancient caldera

Old Faithful Most famous geyser at Yellowstone Erupts every 79 minutes regularly Big tourist attraction Stem & boiling water rocket through the narrowest cracks at the speed of sound

Geysers Water collected under ground is heated by magma Steam forms, pressure builds & super hot water blasts in the air If combined with cool groundwater, a hot spring will form

Mt St Helen State of Washington Exploded in 1980 EQ 5.0 collapsed mountain causing landslide 1 billion to s of ash Mudflow & floods killed 63 people Erupted for 6 years

The End of Catastrophic Events