Note the TiN (Titanium Nickel) coating on three of the drills. This coating helps reduce wear on cutting surfaces This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit

CNC Tools Center Cutting End Mill Ball End Mill Non-Center Cutting End Mill Indexable Shell Mill This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit

Pocketing with an end Mill This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit

A variety of carbide (not carbon) inserts some with TiN coating. Insert Designation This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit

Variety of V-Flange tool holders HSK This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit

V flange tool holder HSK tool holder Used for high speed Spindles. V flange holders come in CAT or BT style. They come in different sizes and are good up to about 10,000RPM The “V” flange is used by the tool changer. Retention knobs This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit

Shrink Fit tool holding This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit

5C Collet R8 Various types of collets. The 5C is very common in the machine shop V flange tool holders come with a variety of tool attachment styles. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit

ER style collets This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit

C5 Collets and Collet chuck This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit

A carousel storage system. Tools are changed by the spindle. Matrix Magazines often use pivot insert tool changers. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit

Speeds Cutting speeds are given in Surface Feet Per Minute or SFM. Why don’t they just provide speeds in RPMs? This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit

Because for a given RPM the outer edge of a large diameter tool is moving much faster than the outer edge of a small diameter tool. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit

References publish cutting speeds in Feet per minute Tools diameters are specified in inches or mm To convert cutting speeds to inches per minute multiply X 12 or CS X 12 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit

Now we have to divide ipm by the tool circumference ipm 2 X p X r to get RPMs This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit

It boils down to … This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit

Feed Rate is given in either: Inches per minute or Inches per revolution Milling machines commonly use inches per minute for travel but can be calibrated in inches per revolution of the spindle. Lathes feed rate is usually defined by inches or millimeters of travel per one revolution of the spindle. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit

The formula for feed rate Feed Rate (in inches per minute) = N X CPT X RPMs N = the number of teeth on the tool CPT = Chips per tooth. This is a value that comes out of table in a book like the Machineries Manual. It is often referred to as Feed per tooth. If you need to compute Inches per rev for a mill just drop the RPMs from the equation. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit

Turning Operations Speed on a lathe is computed the same way - (CS X 4)/Dia – except the diameter is the diameter of the work. The feed rate (since we are dealing with a single point cutting tool) is specified in a table and the units are usually inches per revolution. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit

Carbide, HSS, etc. etc.. Most books publish tables that are specific to the type of cutting tool you are using. However the rule of thumb is that carbide tools can be run 3X faster than HSS. Reaming is performed at ½ the speed of a comparable dia drill. Counterboring, Countersinking and spotfacing is done at ¼ the recommended drilling speed. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit

Example problem A.500 dia HSS two fluted end mill is used to machine a.750 deep slot in a piece of aluminum stock. What is the recommended Speed? Feed Rate? Depth of cut? This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit

Speed answer This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit

Feed answer N X CPT X RPM = feed in (ipm) The problem says we are using a 2 fluted end mill. The book says that CPT for a HSS endmill in aluminum is.011 We just computed the RPMs so…. 2 X.011 X 1600 = 35 ipm This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit

Disclaimer Published speeds and feeds are numbers intended for industrial equipment with sharp tools, excellent fixturing and experienced operators. What this means is that they lean towards the fast side. Most of us wont, routinely run at these speeds and feeds but the numbers provide a good starting point. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit