MARITIME TRADE SECURITY IN IOR: SCOPE OF MULTILATERAL COOPERATION Presented by: Rear Admiral M Khaled Iqbal, BSP, ndc, psc Commander Bangladesh Navy Fleet

Opening Remarks Indian Ocean - The Great Connector

Opening Remarks Sea Lines of Communications

Opening Remarks Maritime governance today demand flexible and multipronged response strategies

Scope Issue 1.The geo-economy of IOR will continue to influence the global trade and commerce Issue 2.Prevailing threats and challenges demand multilateral cooperation in the region for enhancing maritime trade security Issue 1.The geo-economy of IOR will continue to influence the global trade and commerce Issue 2.Prevailing threats and challenges demand multilateral cooperation in the region for enhancing maritime trade security

Significance of Trade and Commerce in IOR Historical Context An arena for colonial supremacy and great powers rivalry

Geo-economic Importance of IOR In addition to huge oil and gas reserve, IOR is hub of coal, copper, iron, nickel, cobalt, gold, diamond and other strategic raw materials

Geo-economic Importance of IOR  About two-thirds of the world’s oil  50 per cent seaborne container traffic  One-third of bulk cargo  World’s highest tonnage in seaborne transportation of goods Magnitude of Trade in IOR

Strategic Petroleum Streams Conduits and connectors between sites and nodes of oil and gas export activity, strategic refining hubs, way points and consumer markets

IOR Choke Points Suez Canal Bab el-Mandeb Cape of Good Hope Strait of Hormuz Malacca Strait 3.3 m bbl/d 17 m bbl/d 15.2 m bbl/d 4.9 m bbl/d 3.8 m bbl/d

Impact of IOR Trade on Global Economy 70 per cent of China’s imported energy pass through IOR China – An Economic Power House

US, EU and Australia’s Economic Interest in IOR Italy percent UK - 66 percent Germany - 62 percent France - 51 percent US -15 percent Australia - 69 percent Flow of Gulf Oil

Emergence of Asia-Pacific Japan imports 90% oil from the Gulf More than two-thirds oil of Thailand, Singapore, Philippines, Taiwan and South Korea originate from Gulf

India – A Rising Economic Power Increasing reliance on imported energy from Middle East and massive trade surplus indicate profound influence of maritime trade in India’s economic matrix

Steady Progress of Developing Countries Developing countries of South Asia and South East Asia have generally displayed improving trends of GDP growth, per capita income, PPP and social and economic indicators

3 Emerging Indo-Pacific Regime Maritime connectivity between Indian Ocean and Pacific Ocean will gain momentum and their Geo economics will remain intertwined

Emerging Indo-Pacific Regime US Strategic Rebalance and Asia Pivot is a well anticipated recognition of the Indo-Pacific regional economy

BRICS-Emerging Economic Power Blocks

Strategic Impact of North Sea Route on Indian Ocean Trade North Sea Route Evolution of North Sea Route into a viable high-volume maritime trading route remains as a matter of distant future An Offshoot of Global Warming

HORN OF AFRICA MALACCA STRAIT

Piracy in Malacca StraitsPiracy in Horn of Africa

Non-state Actors and Asymmetric Threats French super tanker Limburg after attack USS Cole after attack

Pirate - Terror Nexus

Anti Piracy Coalition NATO Operation

 Impact of Regional Geo-politics – Hotspots in IOR with Ideological and Social Fault lines leading to Geo-political instability  Influence of Geo-strategy

 Impact of Regional Geo-politics – Hotspots in IOR with Ideological and Social Fault lines leading to Geo-political instability  Influence of Geo-strategy - Stakes and interests of major powers from within and outside the region may cross roads in IOR which may have consequential effect on Maritime trade  Vulnerability of Choke Points - Any disruption of the chokepoints due to piracy, terrorists’ acts or inter-state conflict may have disastrous consequence

 2700 NM additional distance  Additional Shipping/Insurance Cost  Energy Shortage  Impact on Global Economy

 Diversity and lack of capability – The region has stark diversity and contrast in littoral countries’ politics, culture, ethnicity, economics and environment. Diversity and lack of capacity may hamper cooperative solutions  Lack of information sharing - Results in poor situational awareness in IOR  Lack of trust and confidence - Lack of adequate confidence building measures has prevented the creation of overarching security architecture

May lead to legal issues as Italian Marines case with India

Lack of Ministerial level effective Regional Forum to address wider Maritime security issues of entire IOR

Scope of Multilateral Cooperation  We need to adopt a holistic and layered approach with comprehensive multinational coordinated efforts involving political, military and societal measures  A cooperative regional approach and multilateral collaborative partnership between states A Holistic Multilayered Approach

Maritime Surveillance and Enforcement Regional Maritime Coordination Centres

Scope of Multilateral Cooperation Capacity building in the fields of information exchange, surveillance and maritime law enforcement Trust and Confidence Building and resolve bilateral disputes

Compliance of Port and Trade Security Regulations AIS ISPS SUA SOLAS CSI

Best Management Practices  Ship protective measures  Bridge protection  Ship lock system  Enhanced vigilance

IORA SAARC GCC ASEAN SADC IONS CTF

Maritime Coordination Centre Information sharing and MDA Regional Maritime Trade Security Structure Regional Stability Confidence Building Measures Surveillance Resource Sharing Joint Patrol MDA Surveillance Resource Sharing Joint Patrol MDA Threats Piracy Terrorists A B Safe Corridor CTF

Maritime Cooperation for Trade Security Concluding Remarks