JFK and the Cold War HW Quiz 1.What was the name of JFK ’ s program to give financial aid to Latin American countries? 2.What happened to Cuba ’ s government in 1959? 3.What incident make JFK look bad, embarrassed the United States, and increased tension with Cuba? 4.What was constructed in Germany during JFK ’ s presidency that served as a symbol of Cold War tension? 5.What incident brought the United States and Cuba to the brink of nuclear war?  Bonus (10 points): What New Deal agency was created to build dams and provide electricity to people in poor areas? (spell out the name!)

Cold War Tensions Rising and the Space Race Goal 11

Essential Idea  Cold War tension almost rose to nuclear war during Kennedy ’ s administration.

Brinkmanship  Eisenhower ’ s Foreign Policy: Brinkmanship  What it meant: go to the brink of nuclear war, then back off  What Critics said: this is a DANGEROUS policy  How Brinkmanship was useful: Eisenhower threatened China with nukes, which helped “ end ” the Korean War

Cold War Tension Rising  Event: Sputnik was launched  What happened: In 1957, the Soviet Union launched Sputnik, the first space satellite  Some people worried that the Soviets were launching spy satellites

Sputnik Inspires Fear  Others worried that the next Soviet rocket would carry a nuclear weapon, not a satellite  Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev announced that the Soviets would “ bury capitalism ” (and said that future American generations would live under communism)

Eisenhower and Khrushchev  Event: The U-2 Incident  What happened: Eisenhower and Khrushchev agreed to a meeting to ease tension  Just before the meeting, Soviets shot down an American U-2 spy plane

The U-2 Incident  Eisenhower denied it was a spy plane until Khrushchev produced the pilot, Francis Gary Powers  Eisenhower would not apologize, and the meeting was cancelled

Election of 1960  Election of 1960:  The Election was between Richard Nixon and John F. Kennedy  The Debates  For the first time, the presidential debates were televised  Election of Power of Television Election of Power of Television

Kennedy ’ s Inaugural Address  Impact of Television: On TV, Kennedy looked “ more presidential ”  Winner of the Election: Kennedy ’ s TV image helped him win the election

The Space Race  The Space Race: the race between the Soviet Union and the United States to explore space first  Significance #1: if the Soviets won, the world might think communist was stronger than democracy  Significance #2: space race technology could be used to build better war weapons

The Space Race  NASA: this government agency was created to research and build space technology  John Glenn: the first American to orbit the Earth  Neil Armstrong: the first human to walk on the moon (no other country ever has)  Result: The United States “ won ” the space race by landing on the moon first

Castro ’ s Revolution in Cuba  The Cuban Revolution: In 1959, Fidel Castro led a successful overthrow of the Cuban government  Castro then formed an alliance with the Soviet Union, and Cuba became communist

Worries about Cuba  This threatened the containment policy, especially since Cuba is only 90 miles from Florida

The Bay of Pigs Incident  Bay of Pigs Incident: The American Government wanted to overthrow Cuba without going to war  The CIA secretly trained Cuban exiles and transported them to the Bay of Pigs, Cuba

The Bay of Pigs Incident  The overthrow failed, the government plot was exposed, and the United States looked weak

Trouble in Berlin  The Berlin Wall:  Khrushchev was tired of East Berlin citizens moving to West Berlin  He demanded that democratic nations abandon West Berlin, but Kennedy refused

The Berlin Wall  Khrushchev built the Berlin Wall to split the city  The Berlin Wall was fortified with guards, barbed wire, and mines

The Cuban Missile Crisis  The Cuban Missile Crisis:  In 1962, American spy planes photographed Soviet missile sites in Cuba

The Cuban Missile Crisis  Kennedy ordered a naval blockade of Cuba and demanded that the Soviets stop constructing missile sites  Construction continued, and nuclear war seemed imminent  Kennedy’s Address Kennedy’s Address

Tensions Finally Ease  Kennedy and Khrushchev Come to an Agreement:  Kennedy agreed to remove American missile site on the Turkey/Soviet border and promised not to invade Cuba  Khrushchev agreed to remove missile sites in Cuba

Nuclear Test Ban Treaty  Nuclear Test Ban Treaty – the United States and Soviet Union agreed to end nuclear testing

The Kennedy Assassination  The Event: JFK was assassinated while on a trip in Dallas, Texas  The Arrest: Authorities arrested Lee Harvey Oswald

The Assassin is Assassinated  The Assassin Killed:  Two days later, Oswald was killed by Jack Ruby  The Impact: a young president with a lot of potential was gone  The New President:  Lyndon B. Johnson

Chief Justice Earl Warren  Earl Warren:  Chief Justice of the Supreme Court in the 1950s and 1960s

Expanding the Rights of Individuals Major Case #1: Brown v. Board of Education – ended school segregation

Defining the Rights of the Accused  Major Case #2: Gideon v. Wainwright – everyone gets a lawyer, even if they cannot afford one  Major Case #3: Miranda v. Arizona – police must read your rights during an arrest

Significance of the Warren Court  Defined the rights of the accused and expanded the rights of individuals