Chapter 13 CHIEF EXECUTIVES & BUREAUCRACIES

Qualification Natural born citizen Lived in the USA 14 years 35 years old Youngest to enter Teddy Roosevelt (42yrs after McKinely was assassinated) Youngest elected JFK - 43 yrs

Term R 4 years R Originally unlimited R After FDR -- 22nd Amendment R 2 consecutive terms R Maximum 10 years

Pay and Benefits R Salary R 1789 $25,000 R 1969 $200,000 R 1999 $400,000 R Top Corporate Salaries R Lee Raymon $8,187,200 R Henry McKennell R $6,518,459 R 411% of average workers salary R Benefits R Expense account R Residence R Travel R health care R Air Force One

Presidential Selection Electoral College Electors = House + Senate House of Representatives if Electoral College Ties 1800 Thomas Jefferson v. Aaron Burr House cast 36 ballots before pres. Settled 12th Amendment: cast separate ballots for President and Vice President

Electoral College Today 270 electoral college votes to win or 11 states Criticisms Division of votes among states; winner take all favors large states Win popular vote not electoral college vote Al Gore v. George W. Bush* (2000) 1824 John Q. Adams* v. Andrew Jackson, William Crawford, Henry Clay 1876 Rutheford B. Hayes v. Samuel Tilden 1888 Benjamin Harrison v. Grover Cleveland

Ideas for Reform R Award electoral votes proportionally R Eliminate electoral college

Presidential Succession R Presidency may be vacated by R Death - 8 died in office R Disability R Resignation- 1 resigned (Richard Nixon) R impeachment

Constitution on Succession R Devolve on the Vice President R Practice 1841 R Added to the constitution in th Amendment R 1947 Presidential Succession Act established the line of succession after the Vice President R Speaker of the House R President pro Tempore of the Senate R Members of the President’s cabinet according to the seniority of the department

25th Amendment R 8 times in US history - no vice president R LBJ became President after JFK assassination R Speaker of the House McCormick (72 yrs old) R th Amendment R President nominate; confirmation by House and Senate R 1973 Spiro Agnew resigned VP; Gerald Ford appointed R Richard Nixon Resigned 1974; Gerald Ford becomes President; Nelson Rockefeller become Vice President

Vice President to President R 1841 John Taylor when Wm Henry Harrison died of pneumonia R 1850 Millard Fillmore when Zachary Taylor died from overeating/overheat at July 4th picnic R 1865 Andrew Johnson after Lincoln’s assassination R 1881 Chester Arthur when James Garfield was assassinated 1901 Theodore Roosevelt when William McKinley was assassinated 1923 Calvin Coolidge when Warren Harding died of cerebral hemorrhage 1945 Harry Truman when FDR died 1963 LBJ when JFK was assassinated 1974 Gerald Ford when Nixon resigned

Presidential Disability R James Garfield - 80 days before he died of assassin bullet R Woodrow Wilson - stroke; bed ridden for several months; wife, Edith made decisions on his behalf R Dwight Eisenhower: heart attacks R 25th Amendment: President cannot perform his duties; VP will serve as ‘acting president’ R President declares himself in writing unable to carry out duties R If VP and majority of Congress decide Pres. Is incapacitated R surgery

Vice President Duties R Presides over the senate; votes when there is a tie R Helps decide questions of presidential disability R Clinton: Gore had areas of responsibility R Bush: Cheney foreign policy expertise

Power and Leadership Constitutional Military Commander in chief War Powers Act 1973 Diplomatic Treaties Executive agreements Executive Presidential appointments Presidential pardons / reprieves Legislative Veto power Line item veto State of the Union / Budget Proposals

Power and Leadership R Evolutionary R Economic planning R Executive privilege R Confer and be advised R Impoundment R No spend money Congress approved R Persuasion R News releases/ briefing R Press conference R Photo oops R Sound bites R Backgrounders / leaks R jawboning

Presidential Leadership / Style R Active v. passive R Negative v. positive

James Barber, Presidential Character R Active/positive Active /negative R (adaptive) (compulsive) R Jefferson Wilson Nixon R FDR Hoover R JFK Lincoln R Passive/positive Passive/negative R (compliant) (withdrawn) R Madison Washington R Taft Eisenhower R Reagan Coolidge

Ratings: Top R Abraham Lincoln R George Washington R Franklin Roosevelt R Thomas Jefferson, Andrew Jackson, James Polk, Theodore Roosevelt, Woodrow Wilson, and Harry Truman

Ratings: Bottom R James Buchanan R Franklin Pierce, Millard Fillmore R Zachary Taylor, Calvin Coolidge R Richard Nixon R Failures: Andrew Johnson, Ulysses S. Grant, Warren Harding

Leadership Qualities R Strong vision clearly communicated R Good ability to see their own times in context of the past R Effective communication skills R Political courage - make decisions that are unpopular