EARTHQUAKE IN SAN FRANCISCO: 1906 Some Facts…. Over 500 Dead, USD 200,000,000 Lost 50,000 people were made homeless

MARKETS IN ACTION 6 CHAPTER

MARKETS IN ACTION HOUSING MARKETS AND RENT CEILINGS -Price ceiling --rent control -Search activity --black market LABOR MARKET AND THE MINIMUM WAGE -price floor -minimum wage -unemployment TAXES -tax division & PED -tax division &PES

Housing Markets and Rent Ceilings The 1906 earthquake in San Francisco left 200,000 people—more than half the city—homeless. By the time the San Francisco Chronicle started publishing again, a month after the earthquake, there was not a single mention of a housing shortage. The classified advertisements listed many more houses and flats for rent than the advertisements for houses and flats wanted. How did the market achieve this outcome?

REGULATED HOUSING MARKET Price Ceiling - a regulation that makes it illegal to charge a price higher than the specified price

EFFECTS OF PRICE CEILING Black Market -An illegal market in which the price exceeds the legally imposed ceiling Search Activity - Time spent looking for someone with whom to do business

LABOUR MARKET AND THE MINIMUM WAGE Price Floor - a regulation that makes it illegal to trade at a price at a price lower than a specified price Labour market- Minimum Wage law

EFFECTS OF PRICE FLOOR Unemployment - Labour surplus Search Activity - willing to work at a lower wage rate

Housing Markets and Rent Ceilings The 1906 earthquake in San Francisco left 200,000 people—more than half the city—homeless. By the time the San Francisco Chronicle started publishing again, a month after the earthquake, there was not a single mention of a housing shortage. The classified advertisements listed many more houses and flats for rent than the advertisements for houses and flats wanted. How did the market achieve this outcome?

APPLICATION OF REGULATED PRICES

Housing Markets and Rent Ceilings The Market Response to a Decrease in Supply Figure 6.1 shows the San Francisco housing market before the earthquake. The quantity of housing was 100,000 units and the rent was $16 a month at the intersection of D and SS.

Housing Markets and Rent Ceilings The earthquake decreased the supply of housing and the supply curve shifted leftward to SS A. The rent increased to $20 a month and the quantity decreased to 72,000 units.

Housing Markets and Rent Ceilings Long-Run Adjustments The long-run supply of housing is perfectly elastic at $16 a month. With the rent above $16 a month, new houses and apartments are built.

Housing Markets and Rent Ceilings The building program increases supply and the supply curve shifts rightward. The quantity of housing increases and the rent falls to the pre-earthquake levels (other things remaining the same).

Housing Markets and Rent Ceilings A Regulated Housing Market A price ceiling is a regulation that makes it illegal to charge a price higher than a specified level. When a price ceiling is applied to a housing market it is called a rent ceiling. If the rent ceiling is set above the equilibrium rent, it has no effect. The market works as if there were no ceiling. But if the rent ceiling is set below the equilibrium rent, it has powerful effects.

Housing Markets and Rent Ceilings Figure 6.2 shows the effects of a rent ceiling that is set below the equilibrium rent. The equilibrium rent is $20 a month. A rent ceiling is set at $16 a month. So the equilibrium rent is in the illegal region.

Housing Markets and Rent Ceilings At the rent ceiling, the quantity of housing demanded exceeds the quantity supplied and there is a housing shortage.

Housing Markets and Rent Ceilings With a housing shortage, people are willing to pay $24 a month. Because the legal price cannot eliminate the shortage, other mechanisms operate:  search activity  black markets

Housing Markets and Rent Ceilings Search Activity The time spent looking for someone with whom to do business is called search activity. When a price is regulated and there is a shortage, search activity increases. Search activity is costly and the opportunity cost of housing equals its rent (regulated) plus the opportunity cost of the search activity (unregulated). Because the quantity of housing is less than the quantity in an unregulated market, the opportunity cost of housing exceeds the unregulated rent.

Housing Markets and Rent Ceilings Black Markets A black market is an illegal market that operates alongside a legal market in which a price ceiling or other restriction has been imposed. A shortage of housing creates a black market in housing. Illegal arrangements are made between renters and landlords at rents above the rent ceiling—and generally above what the rent would have been in an unregulated market.

Housing Markets and Rent Ceilings Inefficiency of Rent Ceilings A rent ceiling leads to an inefficient use of resources. The quantity of rental housing is less than the efficient quantity and there is a deadweight loss, illustrated in Figure 6.3 (page 125).

Housing Markets and Rent Ceilings Are Rent Ceilings Fair According to the fair rules view, a rent ceiling is unfair because it blocks voluntary exchange. According to the fair results view, a rent ceiling is unfair because it does not generally benefit the poor. A rent ceiling decreases the quantity of housing and allocates the scarce housing using:  Lotteries  Queues  Discrimination

Housing Markets and Rent Ceilings Are Rent Ceilings Fair A lottery gives scarce housing to the lucky. A queue gives scarce housing to those who have the greatest foresight and get their names on the list first. Discrimination gives scarce housing to friends, family members, or those of the selected race or sex. None of these methods leads to a fair outcome.

Housing Markets and Rent Ceilings Rent Ceilings in Practice New York, San Francisco, London, Paris, and Boston have or have had rent ceilings. Atlanta, Baltimore, Chicago, Dallas, Philadelphia, Phoenix, and Seattle have never had them. Comparing cities with and without rent ceilings, we learn: 1. Rent ceilings definitely create a housing shortage. 2. Rent ceilings lower rents for the lucky few and raise them for everyone else. Winners are long-standing residents: Losers are mobile newcomers.

LABOUR MARKET AND THE MINIMUM WAGE

The Labor Market and the Minimum Wage New, labor-saving technologies become available every year, which mainly replace low-skilled labor. Does the persistent decrease in the demand for low-skilled labor depress the wage rates of these workers ?

The Labor Market and the Minimum Wage A decrease in the demand for low-skill labor is shown by a leftward shift of the demand curve. A new labor market equilibrium arises at a lower wage rate and a smaller quantity of labor employed.

The Labor Market and the Minimum Wage In the long run, people get trained to do higher-skilled jobs. The supply of low-skill labor decreases, which is shown by a leftward shift of the short-run supply curve.

The Labor Market and the Minimum Wage If long-run supply is perfectly elastic, the equilibrium wage rate returns to its initial level (other things remaining the same).

The Labor Market and the Minimum Wage A Minimum Wage A price floor is a regulation that makes it illegal to trade at a price lower than a specified level. When a price floor is applied to labor markets, it is called a minimum wage. If the minimum wage is set below the equilibrium wage rate, it has no effect. The market works as if there were no minimum wage. If the minimum wage is set above the equilibrium wage rate, it has powerful effects.

The Labor Market and the Minimum Wage If the minimum wage is set above the equilibrium wage rate, the quantity of labor supplied by workers exceeds the quantity demanded by employers. There is a surplus of labor. Because employers cannot be forced to hire a greater quantity than they wish, the quantity of labor hired at the minimum wage is less than the quantity that would be hired in an unregulated labor market. Because the legal wage rate cannot eliminate the surplus, the minimum wage creates unemployment Figure 6.5 on the next slide illustrates these effects.

The Labor Market and the Minimum Wage The equilibrium wage rate is $4 an hour. The minimum wage rate is set at $5 an hour. So the equilibrium wage rate is in the illegal region.

The Labor Market and the Minimum Wage The quantity of labor employed is the quantity demanded. The quantity of labor supplied exceeds the quantity demanded. Unemployment is the gap between the quantity demanded and the quantity supplied.

The Labor Market and the Minimum Wage Inefficiency of a Minimum Wage A minimum wage leads to an inefficient use of resources. The quantity of labor employed is less than the efficient quantity and there is a deadweight loss. Figure 6.6 illustrates this loss.

The Labor Market and the Minimum Wage The Federal Minimum Wage and its Effects The United States has passed the Fair Standards Labor Act, which currently sets the minimum wage at $5.15 per hour. This minimum wage has historically fluctuated between 35 percent and 50 percent of the average wage of production workers. Most economists believe that minimum wage laws increase the unemployment rate of low-skilled younger workers.

The Labor Market and the Minimum Wage A Living Wage A living wage has been defined as an hourly wage rate that enables a person who works a 40 hour week to rent adequate housing for not more than 30 percent of the amount earned. Living wage laws operate in St Louis, St Paul, Minneapolis, Boston, Oakland, Denver, Chicago, New Orleans, and New York City. The effects of a living wage are similar to those of a minimum wage.

TAXES

Taxes Tax Incidence Tax incidence is the division of the burden of a tax between the buyer and the seller.

Taxes A Tax on Sellers Figure 6.7 shows the effects of this tax.

Taxes A Tax on Sellers Figure 6.7 shows the effects of this tax. With no tax, the equilibrium price is $3 a pack. A tax on sellers of $1.50 a pack is introduced. The curve S + tax on seller shows the new supply curve.

Taxes The vertical distance between the original supply curve and the supply curve with the tax is equal to the amount of the tax--$1.50. Buyers would have to pay $4.50 a pack to induce firms to offer the original quantity for sale.

Taxes The tax changes the equilibrium price and quantity. The quantity decreases. The price paid by the buyer rises to $4 and the price received by the seller falls to $2.50.

Taxes So buyers pay $1 of the tax. Sellers pay the remaining 50¢.

Taxes A Tax on Buyers Now suppose that buyers, not sellers, are taxed $1.50 a pack. Again, with no tax, the equilibrium price is $3 a pack. A tax on buyers of $1.50 a pack is introduced. The curve D - tax on buyer shows the new demand curve.

Taxes The vertical distance between the original demand curve and the demand curve minus the tax is equal to the amount of the tax--$1.50. Sellers would have to accept $1.50 a pack to induce people to buy the original quantity.

Taxes The tax changes the equilibrium price and quantity. The quantity decreases. The price paid by the buyer rises to $4 and the price received by the seller falls to $2.50.

Taxes So, exactly as before when the seller was taxed: The buyer pays $1 of the tax. The seller pays the other 50¢ of the tax. Tax incidence is the same regardless of whether the law says the seller pays or the buyer pays.

Taxes The division of the tax between the buyer and the seller depends on the elasticities of demand and supply. Tax Division and Elasticity of Demand To see the effect of the elasticity of demand on the division of the tax payment, we look at two extreme cases.  Perfectly inelastic demand: the buyer pays the entire tax.  Perfectly elastic demand: the seller pays the entire tax.  The more inelastic the demand, the larger is the buyers’ share of the tax.

Taxes In this figure, demand is perfectly inelastic—the demand curve is vertical. When a tax is imposed on this good, the buyer pays the entire tax.

Taxes In this figure, demand is perfectly elastic—the demand curve is horizontal. When a tax is imposed on this good, the seller pays the entire tax.

Taxes Tax Division and Elasticity of Supply To see the effect of the elasticity of supply on the division of the tax payment, we again look at two extreme cases.  Perfectly inelastic supply: the seller pays the entire tax.  Perfectly elastic supply: the buyer pays the entire tax.  The more elastic the supply, the larger is the buyers’ share of the tax.

Taxes In this figure, supply is perfectly inelastic—the supply curve is vertical. When a tax is imposed on this good, the seller pays the entire tax.

Taxes In this figure, supply is perfectly elastic—the supply curve is horizontal. When a tax is imposed on this good, the buyer pays the entire tax.

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