Hard Probes - Ericeira, Portugal, 10 November 2004John Harris (Yale) Future of Hard & Electromagnetic Probes at John W. Harris Yale University.

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Hard Probes - Ericeira, Portugal, 10 November 2004John Harris (Yale) Future of Hard & Electromagnetic Probes at John W. Harris Yale University

Hard Probes - Ericeira, Portugal, 10 November 2004John Harris (Yale) Hard and Electromagnetic Probes at RHIC  “Near”-term ( ) RHIC physics & plans PHENIX & STAR: “continue to establish the presence and properties of the QGP”  Systematic study (vs. …) of soft observables (& establish spin program*)  Electromagnetic Probes  Heavy Flavors  Hard Probes - jets PHENIX & STAR: “must continue upgrading detector capabilities”  Increase triggering capabilities and DAQ rates  Expand apertures  Add new capabilities (micro-vertexing, low-mass di-leptons, PID)  Low  physics require RHIC upgrade in luminosity Direct  – thermal radiation, shadowing Virtual  (e + e - ) - chiral restoration via low mass di-leptons Open charm, charmonium spectroscopy Open beauty, bottomonium spectroscopy flavor-tagged jets via leading particles  -jet, D-jet, B-jet, topology! PHENIX MVTX STAR  VTX PHENIX HBDPHENIX Aerogel STAR ToF

Hard Probes - Ericeira, Portugal, 10 November 2004John Harris (Yale) Hard and Electromagnetic Probes at RHIC  “Long”-term (2012  ….. ) RHIC II Luminosity Upgrade  Current RHIC Luminosity for Au+Au L o = 2 x cm 2 s -1 Recent performance  2 L o  L  dt per RHIC year (20 wks) ~ nb -1  RHIC II Luminosity for Au+Au Many crucial Au + Au measurements require > 10 nb -1 For vital program must increase  L  dt  RHIC II = 40 x L o ~ nb -1 Need similar statistics to Au + Au for p+p reference data d+Au comparison/control data

Hard Probes - Ericeira, Portugal, 10 November 2004John Harris (Yale) “Near”-Term Data Taking at RHIC  “Near” -term ( ) Anticipated RHIC Run Plan  2005 – Cu + Cu, pol. p + p at 200 GeV  2006 – Au + Au at 62 GeV, p + p at 200 GeV  2007 – pol. p + p at 200 GeV – spin + reference data  2008 – Au + Au at 200 GeV with new detectors complete  2009 – pol. p + p at 500 GeV – spin / W production  2010 – d + Au at 200 GeV – reference data

Hard Probes - Ericeira, Portugal, 10 November 2004John Harris (Yale) EM Probes (Direct Photons) EM Probes in –A+A (thermal radiation) –p+A (shadowing) –p+p (reference) Benefit from larger  L  dt PHENIX Preliminary Vogelsang NLO  s = 200 GeV p + p    s NN = 200 GeV Au + Au from K. Reygers talk I. Tserruya talk: “will know about thermal photons for sure from RHIC Run 4!” – done?

Hard Probes - Ericeira, Portugal, 10 November 2004John Harris (Yale) EM Probes (Virtual Photons via e + e - ) Medium modifications of vector mesons Chiral symmetry breaking Bound states in sQGP ? Thermal radiation PHENIX requires Hadron-blind TPC (HBD) and  L  dt for charm STAR requires ToF allows electron capabilities p T > 0.2 GeV/c and  L  dt for charm Significant background issues! R. Rapp nucl-th/ see I. Tserruya talk

Hard Probes - Ericeira, Portugal, 10 November 2004John Harris (Yale) Heavy Flavor (Quarkonium) PHENIX quarkonium program Au+ Au statistics for RHIC (1.5 nb -1 )RHIC II (30 nb -1 ) J/   ee  ’  ee   ee VTX J/  (  ’)   38,000 (1400) 760,000 (28,000) Y    -trigger Need measurements with similar p T or x T reach in p+p, d+A, lighter systems. PHENIX (10 nb -1 from RHIC) –with VTX –w.o. VTX  Bottomonium require RHIC II luminosities

Hard Probes - Ericeira, Portugal, 10 November 2004John Harris (Yale) Heavy Flavor (Quarkonium) Trigger on J/  difficult in STAR Triggered  –Expect 3500  for 3 nb -1 luminosity (next long Au + Au run) –Without trigger (1.6% rate), without DAQ upgrade (0.3% rate) –p e+, e- > 3.5 GeV/c Resolution –  m = 340 MeV for 1s –  VTX improves resolution by factor 2  2 different hadron suppression factors (tradeoff - efficiency vs background) STAR

Hard Probes - Ericeira, Portugal, 10 November 2004John Harris (Yale) Heavy Flavor in PHENIX Significant open charm & open beauty with ~ few nb -1 –Open charm to p T ~ 6 GeV/c  Require Vertex Detector RHIC L/3 from PHENIX Decadel Plan

Hard Probes - Ericeira, Portugal, 10 November 2004John Harris (Yale) Heavy Flavor & Flavor-tagged Jets in STAR Open Charm Flow (10 nb -1 of RHIC Au+Au)  These measurements require  vertex + ToF + RHIC II luminosities Ramona Vogt, hep-ph/ p+p STAR  p T ~ 15 GeV/c:  (p+p) ~ 5 x  b/GeV   (Au+Au) ~ 20  b/GeV centrally produced 10 nb -1 of RHIC Au+Au  200K bb pairs

Hard Probes - Ericeira, Portugal, 10 November 2004John Harris (Yale)  + jet Direct photons p T  10 GeV/c for 1 nb -1 p T  15 GeV/c for 10 nb -1  Issues of fragmentation  ’s  Distinguish direct from frag.  ’s  How does energy loss affect this?  +jet 0.1% jets have leading hadron > bkgd Measure away-side frag. function AuAu (b = 0), s 1/2 = 200 GeV dN/dyd 2 p T (y=0) (GeV -2 c -3 ) q qg  STAR  +jet yields in STAR (central Au+Au – 20 weeks): E   = 10 GeV: ~8K ch. hadrons in spectrum E   = 15 GeV: ~1K ch. hadrons in spectrum   - jet measurements require RHIC II XN Wang et al

Hard Probes - Ericeira, Portugal, 10 November 2004John Harris (Yale)  + jet XN Wang et al A. Drees – NSAC HI Review

Hard Probes - Ericeira, Portugal, 10 November 2004John Harris (Yale) Hard & EM Probes with STAR & PHENIX at RHIC II  STAR Hard/EM Probe Physics Capabilities at RHIC II  Upsilon Yields and Spectra – T melting sequence  Heavy quark jets (D,B) high pt spectra – quark energy loss [TOF, fast DAQ,  vertex tracker]   -tagged jets – parton energy loss  PHENIX Hard/EM Probe Physics Capabilities at RHIC II  Upsilon Yields and Spectra – T melting sequence  Heavy quark jets (D,B) high pt spectra – quark energy loss [vertex tracker]   -tagged jets – parton energy loss STAR

Hard Probes - Ericeira, Portugal, 10 November 2004John Harris (Yale) Future of Hard & Electromagnetic Probes at Part 2: Some Real Experimental Challenges Ahead!

Hard Probes - Ericeira, Portugal, 10 November 2004John Harris (Yale) Jet Broadens Significantly in Pseudorapidity! Kinematics in  and p T in pp (  +jet) Broadening in  and  pp  AA AA pp STAR results on correlations for p T < 2 GeV/c  elongation even on near-side! Large acceptance becomes essential to understand jets, high p T correlations and for x-dependence (esp. forward - low x)  with tracking + EMCAL (+ ….) Au+Au, 0-5% D. Magestro (STAR) talk 200 GeV, |  | < < p T (trig) < 4 GeV 2 < p T (assoc) < p T (trig)

Hard Probes - Ericeira, Portugal, 10 November 2004John Harris (Yale) Understanding Hadronization, Fragmentation & Medium Modification from Jet Quenching? Presently: non-specific modification of fragmentation function (e.g.Gyulassy et al.,nucl-th/ ) Induced Gluon Radiation “Softened” fragmentation Measure fragmentation functions in pp & modifications in AA. Study z = p hadron /p jet and x dependence : 0.2 < z < 1  7 < p < 30 GeV/c 0.1 < x <  0 <  < 3 High p T Identified particles Intra- and inter-jet particle correlations Large  acceptance  -tagged jets Each flavor parton contributes differently to fragmentation function (see Bourrely & Soffer, hep-ph/ ) should lose different amounts of energy in opaque medium. zz  Essential for real “jet tomography” 0.2 < z < 1  7 < p < 30 GeV/c 0.1 < x <  0 <  < 3 2 GeV/c proton in 10 GeV jet Aside – effect of heavy quark propagation p/  ratio?

Hard Probes - Ericeira, Portugal, 10 November 2004John Harris (Yale) Expression of Interest - A Comprehensive New Detector at RHIC II P. Steinberg, T. Ullrich (Brookhaven National Laboratory) M. Calderon (Indiana University) J. Rak (Iowa State University) S. Margetis (Kent State University) M. Lisa, D. Magestro (Ohio State University) R. Lacey (State University of New York, Stony Brook) G. Paic (UNAM Mexico) T. Nayak (VECC Calcutta) R. Bellwied, C. Pruneau, A. Rose, S. Voloshin (Wayne State University) and H. Caines, A. Chikanian, E. Finch, J.W. Harris, M. Lamont, C. Markert, J. Sandweiss, N. Smirnov (Yale University) EoI Document at

Hard Probes - Ericeira, Portugal, 10 November 2004John Harris (Yale) Comprehensive New Detector at RHIC II Large magnetic field (B = 1.3T) < |  | < 3.4 inside magnet –Tracking –PID out to 20 – 30 GeV/c –EM/hadronic calorimetry –  chambers –Triggering 4  acceptance 3.5 <  < 4.8 forward spectrometer –External magnet –Tracking –RICH –EM/hadronic calorimetry –Triggering Quarkonium physics Quarkonium physics Jet physics Jet physics Forward low-x physics Forward low-x physics Global observables in 4  Global observables in 4  Spin Physics Spin Physics HCal and  -detectors Superconducting coil (B = 1.3T) RICH HCal &  -dets Aerogel EM Calorimeter ToF Forward spectrometer: (  = ) magnet tracking RICH EMCal (CLEO) HCal (HERA)  -absorber |  |  1.2  = 1.2 – 3.5 Central detector (|   3.4) HCal and  -detectors Superconducting coil (B = 1.3T) Vertex tracking RICH HCal and  -detectors Aerogel EM Calorimeter ToF Tracking: Si, mini-TPC(?),  -pad chambers PID: RICH ToF Aerogel Forward tracking: 2-stage Si disks Forward magnet (B = 1.5T) Forward spectrometer: (  = ) RICH EMCal (CLEO) HCal (HERA)  -absorber |  |  1.2  = 1.2 – 3.5 Central detector (|   3.4) SLD magnet

Hard Probes - Ericeira, Portugal, 10 November 2004John Harris (Yale) A Quarkonium Physics Program at RHIC II Quarkonium melting T’s  Suppression (AA) T melt (  ’) < T melt (  (3S)) < T melt (J/  )  T melt (  (2S)) < T RHIC < T melt (  (1S))? Measure  c feed-down to J/  Production mechanism studies (pp, pA) Nuclear absorption/shadowing studies (pA) New Detector Resolution: New Detector Acceptance  Rates Precision Tracking + Muon Detectors + EMCAL + PID electrons and muons |  | < 3.4,  = 2  x F coverage x F dependence:

Hard Probes - Ericeira, Portugal, 10 November 2004John Harris (Yale) Charmonium  c Feed-down in this Detector To measure  c decay & determine feed-down to J/   c  J/  + , must have large forward acceptance for   spectrum   distribution  c  J 

Hard Probes - Ericeira, Portugal, 10 November 2004John Harris (Yale) Foundations of RHIC II Physics Program  Degrees of Freedom of sQGP (Deconfinement)  Quarkonium Resolution, Acceptance, Rates & Feed-down Acceptance  Jet and PID High Pt Measurements (  -jet, jet-jet)  Origin of Mass (Hadronization & Chiral Symmetry)  PID at High p T, Correlations, Large  acceptance,  -tagged jets  Origin of Spin (of Proton)  Large  acceptance, jets,  -jet, High p T identified particles, correlations  Phase(s) of Matter (CGC  QGP)  High-p T identified particle yields to large   Multi-particle correlations over small & large  range

Hard Probes - Ericeira, Portugal, 10 November 2004John Harris (Yale) Future of Hard & Electromagnetic Probes at “Alive and well”  much to uncover, to do (new data!) and discuss Exact timescales unknown  due to need for construction (& funding) Significant capabilities added with RHIC II (~2012) & new detector(s) RHIC II Physics and Detectors to be determined in the next 1 ½ years (RHIC Community discussions and decision)