The Dome of the Rock. Jerusalem. Late 680s–691. akg-images/A.F.Kersting. [Fig. 9-1]

The Muslim world ca. 700 CE. [Map 9-1]

The Kaaba. Center of the Haram Mosque. Mecca, Saudi Arabia. © AHMED JADALLAH/Reuters/Corbis. [Fig. 9-2]

Rashid al-Din. Muhammad Placing the Black Stone on His Cloak, from Jami al-Tawarikh (Universal History) Illuminated manuscript. 5-1/8" × 10-1/4". Copied and illustrated at Tabriz, Iran. © Edinburgh University Library. [Fig. 9-3]

Left page of double frontispiece to volume VII of the Qur'an of Baybars al-Jashnagir, from Egypt. 1304–06. Illuminated manuscript. 18-1/2" × 12-1/2". British Library, London. © The British Library Board: Add , f.1v. [Fig. 9-4]

Page from a Qur'an manuscript. Probably Tunisia. Late 9th–early 10th century. Gold on blue vellum. 9-3/4" × 13-5/8". Seattle Art Museum, Eugene Fuller Memorial Collection,

Bismillah in the form of a parrot. Iran. 1834–35. Ink on paper under wax coating. Cincinnati Art Museum, Franny Bryce Lehmer Fund. Acc. # / The Bridgeman Art Library.

Mihrab niche. Isfahan, Iran. ca. 1354–55. Mosaic of polychrome-glazed cut tiles on fritware body; set into plaster /16" × /16". The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. Harris Brisbane Dick Fund, 1939 (39.20). Image © The Museum/Art Resource/Scala, Florence.

The Mosque of al-Mutawakkil. Samarra, Iraq. 848–52. © Prof. Albert T. Clay/National Geographic Society/Corbis. [Fig. 9-5]

Plan of the Great Mosque. Córdoba, Spain. After its extension, ca. 961–76. [Fig. 9-6]

A Qadi Sits in Judgment. Baghdad Illuminated manuscript. 14-1/2" × 11". Bibliothèque nationale de France, MS ARABE 5847, fol [Fig. 9-7]

The expansion of Islam to 850. [Map 9-2]

Courtyard of the Great Mosque of Damascus, Syria. 706–15. Christopher Rennie/Robert Harding World Imagery. [Fig. 9-8]

Great Mosque of Damascus. Detail of mosaic decoration akg/Bildarchiv Steffens. [Fig. 9-9]

Page from a copy of Nezami's Khamseh (the "Quintet"). From Persia. 1574–75. Illuminated manuscript. 9-3/4" × 6". India Office, London. © The British Library Board: I.O. Islamic 1129, f.29. [Fig. 9-10]

The trans-Saharan trade routes ca [Map 9-3]

Djingareyber Mosque. Timbuktu, Mali. ca © Peter Langer - Associated Media Group - All rights reserved. [Fig. 9-11]

Abraham Creqsues. The Catalan Atlas, map of North Africa and detail. Majorca, Spain Bibliothèque nationale, Paris, France/Index/The Bridgeman Art Library. © British Library, London. [Fig. 9-12]

Great Mosque of Córdoba. Begun 785; extensions 852, 950, 961–76, and 987. © Achim Bednorz, Koln. [Fig. 9-13]

Royal workshop of Madinat al-Zahra. Pyxis of al-Mughira. ca Elephant ivory, carved and engraved decoration, trace of black inlay, possibly jade. Height 6". Musée du Louvre, Paris, former Riano Collection, purchased OA akg-images/Erich Lessing. [Fig. 9-14]

Courtyard of the Palace of the Lions. Alhambra. Granada, Spain. 1354–91. © Achim Bednorz, Koln. [Fig. 9-15]

Muqarnas dome (plaster ceiling). Hall of the Abencerrajes, Palace of the Lions. Alhambra. Granada, Spain. 1354–91. Alhambra, Granada. Linda Whitwam © Dorling Kindersley. [Fig. 9-16]

Prince Bahram Gur Introduced into the Hall of Seven Images, from a copy of Nezami's poem Haft Paykar ("Seven Beauties"), from Nezami's Khamseh, in the Anthology of Iskandar Sultan. Shiraz, Iran Illuminated manuscript. 9-7/8" × 5-7/8". Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation Museum, Libson, LA161-FI.066v. [Fig. 9-17]

Dervishes Dancing, from a copy of Sessions of the Lovers. Turkey. 16th century. Illuminated manuscript. Approx 9" × 6". Bodleian Library, University of Oxford. [Fig. 9-18]

Bihzad. The Seduction of Yusuf, from a copy of Sadi's Bustan ("Orchard"). Prepared for Sultan Husayn Mirza at Herat, Persia Ink and color on paper. 11-7/8" × 8-2/3". National Library, Cairo. akg-images/Erich Lessing. [Fig. 9-19]

Portal of Saint Michel d'Aiguilhe. Le-Puy-en-Venay, France. ca. 1162–80. © Chris Hellier/Alamy. [Fig. 9-20]

Griffin. From the Islamic Mediterranean, probably Fatimid Egypt. 11th century. Bronze. Height 3'6-1/8". Museo dell'Opera del Duomo, Pisa. Scala/Art Resource NY. [Fig. 9-21]