From Imperialism to Communism to Global Power 1 Cultural Revolution

  World’s oldest civilization – over 3000 years of recorded history  Chinese viewed selves as center of the universe Other E Asian countries borrowed Chinese culture (writing, language, religions, philosophies) Surrounding countries were “tributary” nations, offered gifts to Chinese imperial court When Mongols controlled China, they became “Chinese” China’s Self-Perception 2

A Buddhist-oriented map of “the Chinese and the barbarians within the four seas” (17th century) 3

 End of an Empire  Qing = last dynasty Corrupt Unequal treaties w/ Europeans Loss of power, importance  overthrow of dynasty, civil war  Sun Yat-Sen led revolution in 1911  Ended 1000’s of years of dynastic rule  Ushered in period of chaos and civil war Qing Dynasty Emperor Puyi, the last emperor of China, ascended to the throne in He was three years old. 4

 Kuomintang (KMT)  Nationalist Party (democracy)  Sun Yat-Sen  General Chiang Kai- Shek 5

 Mao Zedong  Started out w/ KMT  Worked in rural areas – saw power of peasantry  Founded Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in 1921  Long march (1935) 5000 miles over 370 days 100,000  7000 Recuperated in N china Developed support of peasants “cult of personality” 6

 Mao Zedong 7

  Japan a former tributary of China  Japan occupied Manchuria, much of eastern China and SE Asia  Communists & Nationalists join forces to fight Japan during WWII Japan: a Common Enemy 8

 Japanese Soldiers in Manchuria (1933) Japanese soldiers used live victims for bayonet practice. 9

  Cold War Rivalry – US supported KMT, Soviets supported CCP  Mao/CCP defeat KMT in 1949  Land reform, suppression of counter-revolutionaries  Many campaigns to renew revolutionary fervor  Hundred Flowers Campaign (1956)  Many others Establishment of the People’s Republic of China (PRC)

 Problems: food for large population, need to rapidly industrialize GLF Reforms:  Agricultural – no private food production, collectivization of all animals/equipment  Industrial – small-scale steel/iron production Results:  Grain production down, largest famine in history (20-60m died)  Mao’s power weakened Great Leap Forward (1958) 11

 Melting Down Objects for Steel 12

  “Class enemies” threatening socialism  Red Guard  Schools closed, intellectuals  farms Intellectuals were expected to learn from peasants and students  Much of China’s cultural heritage destroyed  Millions persecuted, many deaths  Officially ended 1969 (Mao died 1976) Cultural Revolution (1966) Cultural Revolution 13

 Red Guards Many people committed suicide after public criticism. Cultural Revolution- youtube 14

  Took over after Mao, Long March veteran  Goal – modernize economy, maintain political control  SEZs – elements of capitalism  Improved standard of living  Growth of middle class  Some political freedom  Tiananmen Square (June 3, 1989) Protest for democracy Troops attacked protesters killing over 2,000 and injuring more Deng Xiaopeng 15

  Reformer – wants to modernize China  Wants China to become world power & regain position as world leader (2008 Olympics)  Must combat problems that go along w/ capitalism Creation of classes Desire for material goods Drugs, crime Hu Jintao ( ) 16

  Groomed to become Hu Jintao’s successor  Campaigns against corruption  Continues market economic reforms  Promotes the “Chinese Dream”  Prosperity, collective effort, socialism, and national glory (military strengthening) Xi Jinping (2013- present) 17