1. Inter – source adjustment under the head of income (intra head adjustment) 2. Inter – head adjustment in the same assessment year. 3. Carry forward of loss.

If the net result for any assessment year, in respect of any source under any head of income, is a loss, the assessee is entitled to have the amount of such loss set off against his income from any other source under head of income for the same assessment year.

X has two businesses – A & B. Profit From Business ARs Loss From Business BRs The Loss of Rs can be set off with his Profit of Rs Therefore the amount taxable under the head Profit & Gains from Business will be ( – ) Rs

Where the net result of computation made for any assessment year in respect of any head of income is a loss, the same can be set off against the income from other heads.

X has two non speculative businesses A & B. Besides he has income from house property. Profit From Business ARs Loss From Business BRs Income from House propertyRs The Net Loss from both businesses of Rs ( ) can be set off with House Property income of Rs Therefore the net income taxable is Rs

 Speculation Loss – Cannot be set off against any other head.  Capital Loss - Cannot be set off against any other head except ‘Capital Gains’.  Loss from the activity of owning and maintaining race horses - Cannot be set off against any other head.  Business loss cannot be set off with Salary.  Loss cannot be set off against winnings from lotteries, crossword puzzles etc.  Loss from purchase of securities.

The following losses can be carried forward: -  Loss under the head “Income from House Property”.  Loss under the head “Profits and Gains from Business or Profession”.  Loss under the head “Capital Gains”.  Loss from the activity of owning and maintaining race horses.

 Loss can be set off only against business income.  Losses can be carried forward by the person who incurred the loss.  Loss can be carried forward for 8 years.  Return of loss should be submitted in time.  Continuity of business not necessary.  Carry forward of unabsorbed depreciation, capital expenditure on scientific research and family planning expenses.

Sec 43(5) Transaction involving purchase or sale of any commodity Periodically settledActual delivery Transfer of commodity or scripts

 Speculative loss can be set off only against speculative income.  Can be carried forward for 4 years.  Continuity of Business is not necessary.  Return of Loss should be submitted in time.

 Long term capital loss can be set off only against long term capital gains.  Short term can be set off against short term or long term capital gains.  Such loss can be carried forward for 8 assessment years immediately succeeding the assessment year in which the loss was first computed.  Such loss can be carried forward unless return is filed within the time limit of the section.

 Loss from such activities can be carried forward to a subsequent year and set off only against income from the business of owning and maintaining race horses.  Loss can be carried forward for four assessment years immediately succeeding the assessment year in which the loss was first computed.  Such loss cannot be carried forward unless return is filed within the time limit of section 139(1).

 Loss can be carried forward for eight assessment years.

 Income from House I –  Loss from House II – (30000) NET INCOME He has brought forward losses H1 (98-99) 30000, H2 ( )  H1 loss will be ignored.  Loss of will be adjusted with  Therefore 5000 will be carried forward.

Type of Loss to be carried forward to the next year(s) Income against which carried forward loss can be set off in next year(s) Years HOUSE PROPERTY LOSSINCOME FROM HOUSE PROPERTY8 YEARS. SPECULATION LOSSSPECULATION PROFITS4 YEARS. NON SPECULATION BUSINESS LOSS: Unabsorbed Depreciation, Scientific Research & Family Planning Expenditure ANY INCOMENO TIME LIMIT Other Business LossesSPECULATIVE AND NON SPECULATIVE8 YEARS SHORT TERM CAPITAL LOSSSHORT AND LONG TERM GAINS8 YEARS LONG TERM CAPITAL LOSSLONG TERM CAPITAL GAINS8 YEARS LOSS FROM ACTIVITY OF OWNING & MAINTAINING RACE HORSES INCOME FROM SUCH ACTIVITY4 YEARS

 XY Ltd. wants to amalgamate with PQ Ltd.The following losses /allowances of XY ltd. in the assessment of XY Ltd is given below. Find out the tax implications:-  Unabsorbed depreciation of the previous year Rs.36,000 Brought forward business loss of the previous year is Rs. 1,00,000;Unabsorbed scientific research expenditure-Rs.11,000; bad debts-Rs.15,000;  Capital gain on transfer of capital assets to PQ Ltd.Rs.2,00,000 and brought forward capital loss Rs.40,000;

Loss of XY before amalgamationPQXY Unabsorbed depreciation Rs.36000, If sec.72A Satisfied- deductibl e It cease to exist –not entitled Brought forward business losses-10,00,000,Bad debts Capital gain Rs. 2,50,000 Capital brought forward loss Allowed Not taxable Not allowed Not transfer

 The new company has to consider such gan as business income. The cost of such goods will be the cost of acquisition of original owner.

 X ltd. purchased immovable property in 1994 for Rs. 50,00,000 and spent Rs 20,00,000 for improvement. The asset is transferred to Y Ltd which is dealing with properties for Rs.90,00,000 in the scheme of amalgamation of these two companies. Y ltd sold the property for 110 lakhs. How much is the business income?/Capital gain?/

 Business income of Rs =40 lakhs.  Suppose Y ltd. Spent on repairs of the house property Rs. 5,00,000 how is income computed?

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