1 CMSC 671 Fall 2001 Class #10 – Thursday, October 4

2 Today’s class History of AI –Key people –Significant events Future of AI –Where are we going

3 History of AI Chronology of AI; Russell & Norvig Ch. 26 Alan M. Turing, “Computing Machinery and Intelligence” John R. Searle, “Minds, Brains, and Programs” J. Storrs Hall, “Ethics for Machines” (supplementary: Russell & Norvig Ch. 27)

4 Key people (AI prehistory) George Boole invented propositional logic (1847) Karel Capek coined the term “robot” (1921) Isaac Asimov wrote many sf books and essays (I, Robot (1950) introduced the Laws of Robotics – if you haven’t read it, you should!) John von Neumann: minimax (1928), computer architecture (1945) Alan Turing: universal machine (1937), Turing test (1950) Norbert Wiener founded the field of cybernetics (1940s) Marvin Minsky: neural nets (1951), AI founder, blocks world, Society of Mind John McCarthy invented Lisp (1958) and coined the term AI (1957) Allen Newell, Herbert Simon: GPS (1957), AI founders Noam Chomsky: analytical approach to language (1950s)

5 Key people (early AI history) Hubert and Stuart Dreyfus: anti-AI specialists Ed Feigenbaum: DENDRAL (first expert system, 1960s) Terry Winograd: SHRDLU (blocks world, 1960s) Roger Schank: conceptual dependency graphs, scripts (1970s) Shakey: mobile robot (SRI, 1969) Doug Lenat: AM, EURISKO (math discovery, 1970s) Ed Shortliffe, Bruce Buchanan: MYCIN (uncertainty factors, 1970s)

6 Key events: Genesis of AI Turing test, proposed in 1950 and debated ever since Neural networks, 1940s and 1950s, among the earliest theories of how we might reproduce intelligence Logic Theorist and GPS, 1950s, early symbolic AI Dartmouth University summer conference, 1956, established AI as a discipline Early years: focus on search, learning, knowledge representation Development of Lisp, late 1950s

7 Key events: Adolescence of AI The movie 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968) brought AI to the public’s attention Early expert systems: DENDRAL, Meta-DENDRAL, MYCIN Arthur Samuels’s checkers player, Doug Lenat’s AM and EURISKO systems, and Werbos’s and Rumelhart’s backpropagation algorithm held out hope for the ability of AI systems to learn Hype surrounding expert systems led to an inevitable decline in interest in the mid to late 1980s, when it was realized they couldn’t do everything Hype surrounding neural networks in the late 1980s led to similar disappointment in the 1990s Roger Schank’s conceptual dependency theory and Doug Lenat’s Cyc started to address problems of common-sense reasoning and representation Hans Berliner’s heuristic search player defeated the world backgammon champion in 1979

8 Key events: AI adulthood (barely) Many commercial expert systems introduced, especially in the 1970s and 1980s Fuzzy logic and neural networks used in controllers, especially in Japan and Europe Recent developments and areas of great interest include: –Bayesian reasoning and Bayes nets –Ontologies, knowledge reuse, and knowledge acquisition –Mixed-initiative systems that combine the best of human and computer reasoning –Multi-agent systems, Internet economies, intelligent agents –Autonomous systems for space exploration, search and rescue, hazardous environments

9 Are we there yet? Great strides have been made in knowledge representation and decision making Many successful applications have been deployed to (help) solve specific problems Key open areas remain: –Incorporating uncertain reasoning –Real-time deliberation and action –Perception (including language) and action (including speech) –Lifelong learning / knowledge acquisition –Common-sense knowledge –Methodologies for evaluating intelligent systems