volcanism:any activity that includes the movement of magma toward the surface of the Earth volcano: place where magma reaches the surface.

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Presentation transcript:

volcanism:any activity that includes the movement of magma toward the surface of the Earth volcano: place where magma reaches the surface

magma: liquid, molten rock underground lava: magma that reaches the surface lost gas, gained rock

MID-OCEAN RIDGE: occurs where plates are moving apart lava flows out smoothly and fluidly from cracks

SUBDUCTION ZONE: occurs at subduction boundaries usually explosive and erupted material is mostly lava

HOT SPOTS: areas of volcanic activity in the middle of a lithospheric plates

Hawaiian Islands are an example

two types of lava: felsic: much silica (Rhyolitic), light-colored, slow moving (viscous), continental crust

mafic: low silica (basaltic), dark-colored, fast moving (least viscous), oceanic crust

Pahoehoe (puh- HOEEE-hoeee): thin mafic lava. –usually hardens with wrinkled surface –means “ropey” in Hawaiian Pahoehoe Lava

Aa (AH-ah): sharp block shapes of hardened mafic lava. –caused by rapid cooling on surface of lava –breaks into jagged chunks Aa Lava

PahoehoeLava

Pahoehoe

Aa

Pillow lava from Hawaii

many magmas contain dissolved gases that are given off water vapor, carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), sulfur (S) magmas with more gases have more explosive eruptions

tephra:solid fragments ejected from a volcano ash (<2mm) bombs lapilli (<64mm) blocks Sometimes called pyroclastic material

lapilli

bombs

blocks

Vent: opening from which lava flows Crater: funnel-shaped pit or depression at top of volcano Caldera:craters whose walls have collapsed

composed of quiet lava flows form gently sloping, dome- shaped mountain basaltic (mafic) magma

largest = Mauna Loa in Hawaii

Made mostly of tephra and other rock particles Formed from explosive eruptions Not very high, narrow base, steep sides Rhyolitic (felsic) magma

built up of alternating layers of rock & lava explosive eruptions at first with tephra, then quiet with lava forms large, cone-shaped mountains made of rhyolitic & basaltic magma

Mount Fuji