Franklin, C. N., G. J. Holland, and P. T. May, 2005: Sensitivity of tropical cyclone rainbands to ice-phase microphysics. Mon. Wea. Rev., 133, Franklin, C. N., G. J. Holland, and P. T. May, 2005: Sensitivity of tropical cyclone rainbands to ice-phase microphysics. Mon. Wea. Rev., 133, Yang, M.-J., and R. A. Houze Jr., 1995: Sensitivity of squall-line rear inflow to ice microphysics and environmental humidity. Mon. Wea. Rev., 123, Yang, M.-J., and R. A. Houze Jr., 1995: Sensitivity of squall-line rear inflow to ice microphysics and environmental humidity. Mon. Wea. Rev., 123,

Yang and Houze (1995)

g kg -1 C D Rain (red) Snow (black) Graupel (color) A B Over Ocean After Landfall

g kg -1 h -1 Condensation Evaporation Deposition Melting Sublimation Over Ocean After Landfall

Microphysics Sensitivity Experiments ExperimentDescriptionWARM Warm rain processes only Warm rain processes only NEVP No evaporation of raindrops NMLT No melting of snowflakes and graupels NSUB No sublimation of snowflakes and graupels

WARM NEVP NMLT NSUB

Time series of central pressure and maximum surface wind

WARM NEVP NMLT NSUB dBZ Color: radar echo Contour: Condensational Heating

WARM NEVP NMLT NSUB g kg -1 Red: rain Black: snow Color: graupel

Simulated Surface Radar Reflectivity of an Idealized TC

ControlFaster graupel fall speed Larger graupel Lower graupel collection efficiency Hail

qrqc qg qi qs Control Faster graupel fall speed Larger graupelLower graupel collection efficiency Hail

qr qg qs qi qc ControlFaster graupel fall speed Larger graupel Lower graupel collection efficiency Hail

CV SF Total Control Faster graupel fall speed Larger graupel Lower graupel collection efficiency Hail

CV SF Total Control Faster graupel fall speed Larger graupel Lower graupel collection efficiency Hail

SF CV Total ControlFaster graupel fall speed Larger graupel Lower graupel collection efficiency Hail

Control Faster graupel fall speed Larger graupel Lower graupel collection efficiency Hail

Control

Faster graupel fall speed

Larger graupel

Lower graupel collection efficiency

Hail

Summary Reducing N0g → increasing graupel mean size → incresing graupel fall speed → slightly decreasing total sfc rainfall → more snow transported into the stratiform region. Reducing N0g → increasing graupel mean size → incresing graupel fall speed → slightly decreasing total sfc rainfall → more snow transported into the stratiform region. Reducing graupel collection efficiency → increasing snow → larger stratiform region → the largest effect on total surface rainfall. Reducing graupel collection efficiency → increasing snow → larger stratiform region → the largest effect on total surface rainfall. Increasing graupel fall speed → more graupel confined to the convective region → high rain rate in the TC ’ s inner core. Increasing graupel fall speed → more graupel confined to the convective region → high rain rate in the TC ’ s inner core. The model is most sensitive to changes in garupel fall speed parameters; the parameters in Run D give a more typical representation of TC precipitation than the other runs for the comparisons in this study. The model is most sensitive to changes in garupel fall speed parameters; the parameters in Run D give a more typical representation of TC precipitation than the other runs for the comparisons in this study.