Science Requirements and Instrumentation for Future Neutrino Experiments Gina Rameika, Fermilab Instrumentation Frontier Community Planning January 9 – 11, 2013

Topics for this session The Changing Neutrino Landscape and the Frontiers Identifying the science and defining “requirements” Strategy, tactics, timelines…. Experimental opportunities and detector challenges for : High Energy Accelerator neutrinos (Sam Zeller) Low Energy Accelerator neutrinos (Zelimir Djurcic) Atmospheric neutrinos (Jen Raaf) Reactor neutrinos (GR) Advances in photodetection (Mayly Sanchez) Discussion

The “P5 Plan”

2008 Neutrino physics and Proton decay

2008 In December 2010, NSF decides to NOT support DUSEL

Prior to fall 2011 … What we know Neutrinos have mass and mix Dm2’s are small, dm2_12, dm2_23 Mixing is relatively large, th12, th23 What we don’t know Th13, delta_cp Mass ordering Quadrant of th23 What if q13 is really small? Concern that proposed long baseline experiments won’t be able to determine delta_cp

How do sensitivities depend on baseline? Intensity Frontier Workshop - November 30 - December 2, 2011 Study done with a Wide Band Beam that is “tuned” to increase with energy as the baseline increases Curves moving in this direction is good 1300 km appears to be nearly optimum if the Mass Hierarchy is unknown and

The field intensifies… Heavy Quarks Charged Leptons Axions and Wimps Nucleons, Nuclei, Atoms Kaons What’s the strategy to do the best neutrino physics?

We are approaching* 2012 and getting results on *Intensity Frontier Workshop - November 30 - December 2, 2011 These are indeed exciting times for neutrino physics

A busy year since Rockville : Physics and Funding January 2012 : LBNE makes technology choice : 34kT LAr at Homestake (L = 1300 km) March 2012 : Daya Bay publishes : s22t13 = / / RENO also announces large th13 DOE tells LBNE to “reconfigure” to a staged program at lower initial cost In light of large th13, several NuMI-based options considered and rejected Can’t guarantee resolution of mass hierarchy Can’t upgrade facility to 2MW LBNE stage 1 = 10kT LAr on surface and no near detector Funding profile supports completion in 2022 Efforts underway to find additional funding to “go underground” and add ND June 2012 : Many new results reported at Neutrino 2012 Sin22t13 = ~0.1 =/ LAr1, GLADE and NuSTORM presented to FNAL PAC Summer-Fall 2012 : Renewed calculations of mass hierarchy measurements with reactors and atmospherics

Instrumentation for Neutrinos Many discussion of instrumentation needs for Intensity Frontier Neutrino Experiments Long and short baseline accelerator experiments Decay in flight as well as decay at rest Mass hierarchy from atmospheric and reactor neutrino experiments Megaton to kiloton scales Water, scintillator and liquid argon targets Photodetectors, tracking and calorimetry

O Experimental Programs Accelerator Based Non-accelerator Man-made Sources Natural Sources From D.J. Koskinen – NNN12 Many Orders of Magnitude

O Experimental Programs Accelerator Based Non-accelerator Man-made Sources Natural Sources D.J. Koskinen – NNN12 Many Orders of Magnitude Hyper-K LBNE

Mass Hierarchy re-visited

Considerations in planning NEW experiments/projects Looking at all of the sources of neutrinos that we have experimental access to, only accelerator based sources will give us direct access to dcp via nue appearance “long” baseline : neutrinos and anti-neutrinos Cyclotron decay at rest (anti-neutrinos) Mass hierarchy determination can in principle be gotten from : Long-baseline matter effects Accelerator produced neutrinos (nue appearance) Atmospheric neutrinos (nue appearance and numu survival) Precision measurements of Dm2 with reactor neutrinos We need to determine an optimum strategy for an experimental program

Options and challenges Consider existing detectors and facilities Are upgrades feasible : technically? Cost effective? Consider detectors approved and under construction Do we have an operation plan that extracts the most science from the data that will be collected Do we understand the limitations in the results? Are they inherent in the design ? Are they limited by systematics that can be improved? Is a new facility needed? Is the design optimized to get the best physics out, in light of what can be learned from other experiments? What’s the time scale for construction, data collection and analysis? How does it compare with what will be learned in the intervening time?

Let’s discuss options and what instrumentation is required for each High energy accelerator neutrinos Long baseline : deltaCP and MH Short baseline : sterile neutrinos Low energy accelerator neutrinos deltaCP with cyclotrons at moderate baselines Sterile neutrinos Mass Hierarchy with Atmospheric neutrinos ? Mass Hierarchy with reactors ? Advances in photodetection for neutrino detectors

Instrumentation Needs for Neutrino Detectors Detector Mass High efficiency particle ID Background identification and rejection Low energy thresholds Precision tracking and calorimetry Charge identification Precision calibration Low cost!

Homework for neutrino detector developers/proposers Survey the detectors currently being built and proposed for the next decade’s experiments Evaluate capabilities, pro’s and con’s, successes and challenges Determine what’s really needed to take the next steps in improving the experiments Cost drivers Performance requirements Instrumentation Frontier : go beyond incremental improvements Work on breakthroughs and new ideas